难治性高血压中睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与血浆醛固酮水平的相关性
2016-02-21梁二鹏综述张慧敏审校
梁二鹏 综述 张慧敏 审校
(中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 阜外心血管病医院, 北京100037)
难治性高血压中睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与血浆醛固酮水平的相关性
梁二鹏综述张慧敏审校
(中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 阜外心血管病医院, 北京100037)
睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征是引起高血压的独立危险因素。既往研究发现难治性高血压患者约80%患有睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征,且难治性高血压患者中有超过20%的患者血浆醛固酮水平升高。现将对难治性高血压患者中睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与醛固酮水平的相关性进行综述。
睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征;血浆醛固酮水平;难治性高血压
1 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与难治性高血压
睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征是指各种原因导致睡眠状态下反复出现呼吸暂停和/或低通气,引起低氧血症、高碳酸血症、睡眠中断,从而使机体发生一系列病理生理改变的临床综合征。可分为三型:中枢型、阻塞型和混合型,临床以阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)多见。
研究发现,OSAS与高血压有密切关系。30%~40%的高血压患者患有OSAS,而OSAS患者中50%~56%患有高血压[1]。Sleep Heart Health Study(SHHS)纳入了6 132例未患高血压的患者,经过平均3年的随访,发现基线呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)>30次/h的患者比基线AHI<1.5次/h的患者发生高血压的风险高1.37倍(95%CI 1.03~1.38,P=0.005)[2]。Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study(WSCS)纳入709例受试者,经过4年随访,发现高血压的发病率随OSAS的程度加重而增加,与基线AHI=0次/h的患者相比,基线AHI为0.1~4.9、5.0~14.9、≥15次/h的受试者随访时发生高血压的风险分别增高1.42倍(95%CI 1.13~1.78)、2.03倍(95%CI 1.29~3.17)、2.89倍(95%CI 1.46~5.64)[3]。JNC 7也将OSAS列为引起高血压的继发因素之一,指出OSAS可以引起难治性高血压(resistant hypertension, RH)[4]。
Logan等[5]的研究结果显示:41例RH的患者中有34例(83%)经多导睡眠仪检测被诊断为OSAS。Muxfeldt等[6]的研究结果显示:422例RH患者中有347例达到OSAS的诊断标准。Dernaika等[7]的研究共纳入了98例OSAS合并高血压的患者,分为RH组(n=42)与可控高血压组(n=56)。经过持续正压通气治疗(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)1年,RH组平均动脉压下降5.6 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 3 kPa)(95%CI -2.0~-8.7 mm Hg,P=0.03),其血压下降程度显著高于可控高血压组(-0.8mm Hg,95%CI -2.9~3.3 mm Hg,P =0.53),且RH组71%的患者治疗后降压药物停用或减量,可控高血压组治疗前后降压药物种类和数量无明显改变。以上研究表明OSAS与RH的关系密切。
综上所述,RH人群中OSAS的患病率高,经过针对OSAS的特异性治疗后RH患者血压得到明显改善,因此,RH患者中OSAS在血压升高机制中扮演着重要角色。这对临床治疗RH有指导意义。
2 醛固酮与RH
在RH患者中,有超过20%的患者血浆醛固酮质量浓度(plasma aldosterone concentration,PAC)偏高。Calhoun等[8]的研究发现,在所纳入的88例RH患者中有20%被诊断为原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism, PA)。Eide等[9]的研究运用PAC和尿醛固酮分泌量作为诊断PA的标准,发现在90例RH患者中,有23%被诊断为PA。Sang等[10]调查了1 656例RH患者后发现,有494例(29.8%)患者ARR(aldosterone renin ratio)>20。Pimenta等[11]纳入97例RH患者,定义PA为血浆肾素活性(plasma renin activity,PRA)<1 ng/(mL·h)且24 h尿醛固酮水平≥12 μg/24 h,最终28例(28.9%)患者达到PA诊断标准。
运用醛固酮受体拮抗剂可以有效改善RH患者的血压情况并减少所用降压药物种类。Chapman等[12]纳入1 141例RH患者,加用螺内酯治疗,经过平均1.3年随访发现血压下降21.9/9.5 mm Hg(95%CI 20.8~23.0/9.0~ 10.1 mm Hg,P<0.010)。Vaclavik等[13]探究了小剂量螺内酯对于RH患者血压的影响,该试验纳入161例RH患者,给予25 mg螺内酯治疗8周,最终150例完成试验,包括螺内酯治疗组(n=74)和安慰剂组(n=76),经过对比,螺内酯治疗组血压下降明显:收缩压-10.5 mm Hg(P<0.001),舒张压-3.5 mm Hg(P<0.05),且诊室收缩压<140 mm Hg的比率在螺内酯组为73%,而在对照组为41%(P<0.001)。Williams等[14]的研究纳入335例RH患者,在基线降压药物基础上分别加用螺内酯、多沙唑嗪、比索洛尔以及安慰剂,最终230例患者完成随访,经过比较发现,螺内酯降低家庭自测血压方面优于其他。Dahal等[15]的meta分析显示,醛固酮受体拮抗剂可以有效降低RH患者的血压。
综上所述,在RH患者中部分患者PAC升高,针对醛固酮受体拮抗剂治疗可以有效改善患者的血压情况,PAC在RH的发生与发展中起到重要作用。
3 OSAS与PAC
目前有证据显示OSAS和PAC在RH患者中有一定的相关性。Pratt-Ubunama等[16]纳入了71例RH患者和29例患有相同程度OSAS但不伴有RH的患者,对其进行PAC检测发现,在71例RH患者中PAC和AHI有相关性[相关系数(spearman,ρ)=0.44、P=0.000 2],而在29例不伴有RH的患者中PAC和AHI不具有相关性。Calhoun等[17]的研究中纳入了114例RH患者,根据Berlin评分将其中的72例患者列为高度可能性的OSAS患者和低可能性的OSAS患者,对两组患者分别进行PRA以及24 h尿醛固酮含量测定,前者诊断PA的比率是后者的近似2倍(36% vs 16%,P<0.05)。
针对RH患者中OSAS和PAC的关系可以有两种假设:(1)可能是OSAS的间断性低氧血症激活了肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统导致PAC升高;(2)可能是PAC升高加重了OSAS。
针对第一种假设,有研究证实低氧可以引起PAC升高,Raff等[18]所进行的动物试验(n=39)证明高碳酸血症和低氧血症可以增加PAC,且与PRA无关。袁春华等[19]发现经过8周间断性夜间缺氧和睡眠剥夺刺激后,试验组SD大鼠(n=8)的PRA、PAC较对照组(n=8)明显升高[PRA:(1.30±0.10)μg/(L·h) vs (0.24±0.08)μg/(L·h),P<0.01;PAC:(164.38±14.21)ng/L vs (85.76±7.83)ng/L,P<0.01]。Lykouras等[20]纳入了19例AHI>10次/h的OSAS患者,检测PAC并与健康对照组相比,发现两者PAC没有明显差异[(140.6 ±25.2)pg/mL vs (133.2±18.5)pg/mL,P=0.223],但针对OSAS进行CPAP治疗后PAC并未降低。Meston等[21]的研究将101例男性OSAS患者分为CPAP治疗组(n=52)和对照组(n=49),经过30 d后发现,不论是治疗组还是对照组相比于治疗前PAC均有所升高。Lloberes等[22]运用CPAP治疗RH合并OSAS患者,发现经过CPAP治疗,58例RH患者PAC无明显下降[(692.5±240.99)pmol/L vs (628.79±249.3)pmol/L,P<0.182。Svatikova等[23]的研究纳入21例中、重度OSAS患者和19例未患OSAS健康人,经过检测,PAC水平不受OSAS本身以及CPAP治疗的影响,并做出推断:OSAS的早期间断性的低氧不引起肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的激活,但不排除长时间间断性低氧或高血压及其他合并症会引起PRA和PAC的增加。综上所述,OSAS是否会引起PAC的增加并不十分明确,仍需更多的研究证实这一推论。
针对第二种假设有研究证实PAC可能是引起OSAS加重的原因。Gonzaga等[24]的研究中纳入了109例RH患者,根据PRA质量浓度以及24 h尿醛固酮分泌量将其分为高PAC组和低PAC组,经过研究发现,高PAC组有更高的AHI(19.9次/h vs 10.0次/h,P=0.049 1),且在高PAC组中PAC和24 h尿醛固酮质量浓度与AHI有相关性(ρ=0.568,P=0.000 9;ρ=0.533,P=0.002)。此外有研究证实运用醛固酮受体拮抗剂可以改善合并OSAS的RH患者的AHI,Gaddam等[25]的研究纳入了12例RH合并OSAS患者(平均年龄56岁,平均身体质量指数36.8 kg/m2),在利尿剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂治疗不中断的基础上,经过8周螺内酯治疗后患者的AHI[(39.8±19.5)次/h vs (22.0±6.8)次/h,P<0.05]、低氧指数[(13.6±10.8)次/h vs (6.7±6.6)次/h,P<0.05]、体质量、诊室以及动态血压均有明显改善。对此的解释:醛固酮可以引起水钠潴留,夜间液体重新分布导致咽周水肿引起上呼吸道狭窄,加重OSAS,对此国外学者进行了相关的研究,Shiota等[26]对27例非肥胖患者运用抗休克裤下肢加压后测量颈围及上呼吸道横截面积的方法,发现下肢加压引起液体回流增多时,颈围增加,而上呼吸道横截面积减少。White等[27]进行的试验共纳入46例AHI>10次/h的OSAS患者,分为穿弹力袜组(n=22)和不穿弹力袜组(n=23),经过比较发现前者AHI有明显下降[(32.4±20.0)~(23.8±15.5)次/h vs (31.2±25.0)~(30.3±23.8)次/h,P=0.042],下肢液体潴留量明显减少(P=0.028),而上气道横截面积明显增加(P=0.006)。
4 总结
目前研究已经证实在RH患者中OSAS与PAC呈正相关,但经过CPAP治疗的OSAS并未见PAC降低。运用醛固酮受体拮抗剂治疗RH伴有OSAS的患者发现AHI有所降低,因此血浆醛固酮的增高导致RH人群OSAS的严重程度可能增加,其中的机制可能是醛固酮增加引起水钠潴留,进而导致上气道阻力增加引起OSAS加重;但是目前仍然需要大规模的临床试验来证实。
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The Relationship Between Plasma Aldosterone Concentration and Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome in Resistant Hypertension
LIANG Erpeng, ZHANG Huimin
(StateKeyLaboratoryofCardiovascularDisease,FuwaiHospitalNationalCenterforCardiovascularDisease,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciencesandPekingUnionMedicalCollege,Beijing100037,China)
Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome is an independent risk factor that can cause hypertension. It has a strong relationship with cardiovascular disease. Resistant hypertension is a problem that is hard to resolve. Previous studies have found that about 80% of patients with resistant hypertension are suffering sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and there are also a few studies which identified that the increase of plasma aldosterone concentration is common in resistant hypertension, with a prevalence of 20%. This review aims to discuss the relationship between sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and plasma aldosterone concentration in the patients with resistant hypertension.
Sleep apnea hyponea syndrome;Plasma aldosterone concentration;Resistant hypertension
2015-06-18修回日期:2016-01-28
梁二鹏(1989—),在读硕士,主要从事高血压的基础与临床研究。Email:epliang@sina.cn
张慧敏(1961—),主任医师,硕士导师,硕士,主要从事高血压的基础与临床研究。Email:zhanghuimin@medmail.com.cn
R544.1;R563.9
A【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2016.04.008