“过去完成时”风采录
2016-02-06张祥美
□张祥美
“过去完成时”风采录
□张祥美
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态,它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。今天让我们一起一睹“过去完成时”的风采吧。
【风采一】过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had+动词的过去分词”构成,had没有人称和数的变化。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表:
I∕He∕They had learned about 2,000 English words by the end of last term.到上学期为止,我∕他∕他们已经学习了大约2000个英语单词。(肯定句)
→I∕He∕They had not∕hadn’t learned about 2,000 English words by the end of last term.(否定句)
→Had I∕you∕he∕they learned about 2,000 English words by the end of last term?(疑问句)
温馨提示:had not可缩略为hadn’t。如:
He said we had not(hadn’t)seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京之后,我们就没见过面。
【风采二】过去完成时的用法
1.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”,常用以下几种方式:
(1)用by,before等构成的短语。如:
The Green family had reached the bus station before ten o’clock.格林一家在十点前就到达了公交车站。
(2)用when,before等引导的从句。如:
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema.当我到电影院时,电影已经开始了。
注意:如果时间状语从句的动作发生在主句之前,则从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时。如:
After I had finished reading the novel,I went to sleep.在我读完了那部小说之后,我才上床睡觉。
(3)通过上下文表示。如:
The rain had stopped and the air was clean.雨停了,空气清新。
2.过去完成时还可表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。往往与for,since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如:
I saw Wang Hai yesterday.We had not seen each other since I left school.昨天我看见王海了,自从我毕业后我们就没有见过面。
They had been without sleep for twenty-four hours then.那时他们已有24小时没有合眼了。
3.表示一个过去的动作先于另一个过去的动作的用法,这种情况多见于宾语从句。如:
He remembered that he had left the key at home.他记得自己把钥匙落在家里了。
4.表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。如:
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn’t.我们本希望你能来,但是你没来。
【风采三】不用过去完成时的情况
1.句中有yesterday,last year,in 2004,two days ago等表示很确定的过去时间的状语,谓语动词必须用一般过去时。如:
His grandfather died three years ago.他爷爷三年前去世了。
2.汉语中虽有“了”“曾”“过”等字眼表示动作已完成,但没有说明动作是在过去某一时间之前完成的,此时句子要用一般过去时。如:
He went to Beijing the day before yesterday.前天他去北京了。
3.在叙述过去连续发生的两件以上的事时,虽然时间有先后之别,但仍用一般过去时,而不用过去完成时。如:
They decided to stay here,and so they built their houses and made their farms.他们决定留在这儿,所以他们建了房子,开垦了农场。
【风采四】过去完成时与两种时态的区别
1.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词have∕has+过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较:
I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止,我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止,我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
—I’m sorry to keep you waiting.对不起,让你久等了。
—Oh,not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
2.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
(1)过去完成时与一般过去时都可以和确定的过去时间状语连用,但意义有明显区别。试比较:
He had finished his homework by eight.他到八点钟的时候已经完成家庭作业了。
He finished his homework at eight.他在八点钟完成了家庭作业。
(2)在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中,从句既可用一般过去时,也可用过去完成时,但两种时态的意义明显不同。试比较:
He said he was a soldier.他说他是位军人。
He said he had been a soldier.他说他曾当过兵。
(3)在含有before的主从复合句中,一般情况下,从句使用一般过去时,主句则使用过去完成时。如:
Jack had finished his homework before he went out shopping.杰克在购物前已经完成了他的家庭作业。
【提升练习】
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.He(finish)his homework before his mother(return).
2.Mike(work)in the factory for five years before he (move)there.
3.Whereyour brother(study)before he(go) to Nanjing?
4.We(finish)doing our work yesterday.
5.She(arrive)at the village before 9 o’clock last night.
二、用过去完成时链接句子。
1.We cooked the dumplings.We ate them up.
We ate the dumplings after wethem.
2.Jim’s father mended the car.It was broken.
The carbefore Jim’s father mended it.
3.I got to his home.He went to bed.
When I got to his home,heto bed.
参考答案:
一、1.had finished,returned2.had worked,moved3.had,studied, went4.finished5.had arrived
二、1.had cooked2.had broken3.had gone