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美国神经重症学会预防神经重症患者静脉血栓栓塞指南的解读

2016-01-23高亮陈宋育

中华神经创伤外科电子杂志 2016年5期
关键词:低质量指南证据

高亮 陈宋育

·指南与共识·

美国神经重症学会预防神经重症患者静脉血栓栓塞指南的解读

高亮 陈宋育

神经重症这一亚专业得到了越来越多同道的重视。不少同道或许跟笔者一样,在投身该亚专业之前就遭遇过神经重症患者的静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)。随着人口老龄化和对其认识的提升,笔者的团队在临床工作中亦愈加重视VTE的预防。

2016年,美国神经重症学会(neurocritical care society,NCS)发布了其神经重症患者VTE预防指南暨专家声明。此前虽然已有2002年东部创伤外科协会(eastern association for the surgery of trauma,EAST)、2012年美国胸科医师学会(American college of chest physicians,ACCP)和2013年美国心脏病学会/卒中学会 (American heart association/American stroke association,AHA/ASA)发布的指南提及此类患者的VTE预防,但以上指南均未针对神经重症进行回顾和评述,而本指南填补了这一空白。

正如本指南所述,神经重症患者VTE的风险可能主要来源于两个因素:(1)瘫痪和长时间昏迷导致的静脉血流瘀滞;(2)中枢神经系统病变导致凝血系统激活并促进血栓形成。同时,此类患者可能同时有相关的出血风险,需审慎评估VTE预防的风险-收益比。该指南依据病因,将神经重症患者归入缺血性卒中、颅内及脑室内出血、动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血、颅脑外伤、脊髓损伤、颅脑肿瘤、神经肌肉疾病和接受神经外科/神经介入手术的患者,由相关专家组进行全面的文献复习和讨论,最终制定和批准了本指南。

本指南在依据证据给临床实践提供指导的同时也提出了新的问题。虽然本指南就不同神经重症患者的VTE风险和预防措施进行了详尽的综述和解读,然而依然缺乏足够的高质量证据进行强烈推荐。例如对于特定患者群体如重症动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血和神经肌肉疾病,因缺乏VTE预防的高质量证据,有关推荐多来自缺血性卒中数据的外推。而且,回顾的文献范围限于2013年1月1日之前的30年,笔者在阅读本指南时应时刻不忘检索新的证据。正如本指南结语所述,神经重症患者的VTE预防需要进一步的大规模前瞻性随机对照临床试验,但特定患者数量较少导致此类研究困难重重。因此,希望各位同道利用现有条件,采集国人数据填补相关空白。此外在应用本指南时,尤其是弱推荐项目应综合最新临床证据、自身临床经验、本单位诊疗条件和患者/家属意愿决定最终的VTE预防方案。最后,希望本指南的译文能帮助各位同道进行神经重症VTE预防的临床决策,惠及更多的病友。

(附全文)

预防神经重症患者静脉血栓栓塞:基于证据的指南暨神经重症医学会专家声明

高亮 陈宋育(译)

对因神经系统疾病而无法活动的重症患者,含深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombus,DVT)及肺栓塞(pulmonary embolus,PE)在内的VTE是常见的并发症。在心肌梗死和缺血性卒中之后,VTE导致的并发症是所有因心血管疾病导致的死亡中第3常见的病因[1]。相关文献估计世界范围内VTE的发生率为1~2例每1 000人每年,而有报道表明其发生率可高达4例每1 000人每年[2-5]。在进入ICU的成人患者中,有临床表现的DVT和PE发生率在20‰以上,即使进行药物预防其发生率仍有14.5‰[6,7]。

神经系统受累的患者可在内科/外科重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)或专门的NICU中接受诊疗。尽管推测此类患者的VTE发生风险较高,但目前尚无可靠的基于人群的VTE风险估计。VTE的风险源于多种因素,其中瘫痪和长时间昏迷导致的静脉血流瘀滞是主要原因[1,8,9]。此外,此类患者中血凝块的形成、增大和收缩均增加。颅脑恶性肿瘤、累及中枢或外周神经系统的风湿性/炎症性疾病均导致内皮细胞激活并促进血栓形成[10-12]。缺血及出血性卒中等脑血管疾病通过对血管内皮的继发性作用增加血凝块形成[13]。尽管多种神经系统疾病在ICU之外相对常见,但此类疾病在ICU中的发生率相对较低,导致基于人群的大宗分析困难重重。因此,目前仍缺乏对神经重症患者进行血栓预防的相关证据。

本指南的目标在于给临床工作者提供一个基于证据的构架,将需要神经重症监护的患者作为焦点,指导对罹患神经系统疾病的患者进行适当的血栓预防。这包括罹患缺血性卒中、颅内及脑室内出血、动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血、颅脑外伤、脊髓损伤、颅脑肿瘤、神经肌肉疾病,以及接受神经外科及神经介入手术的患者。

神经重症学会(neurocritical care society,NCS)依据有关专家的神经重症经验和VTE预防的主题,选取了一个多学科专家组。 重症医学学会(society of critical care medicine,SCCM)的一个代表被选为两个组织之间的联络员。专家组成员在撰写或复习文献前均公开其同企业等相关实体的所有关系;所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。专家组依据其专业分为专题工作组。

在一位医学图书馆学专家的帮助下,专家组检索了2013年1月1日之前30年间的文献。专家组优先纳入随机对照研究,亦纳入荟萃分析。如果没有上述文献,则将病例系列和回顾性研究纳入决策。有关证据应用GRADE系统分析和整理。首先各工作组撰写初步推荐,并由整个专家组进行审议。随后,NCS的统计学专家和NCS指南委员会的领导层逐步审议该指南。接着,对有关推荐进行外部同行审议(包括NCS的普通成员),最后由NCS和SCCM批准。终稿代表了该指南小组委员会的最终分析。

一、重症缺血性卒中患者的血栓预防

缺血性卒中是全世界致死和致残的重要病因,也是公共健康一项重大挑战[14-16]。全体缺血性卒中患者的PE发生率可能高达2.5%;而在卒中后的前3个月内,DVT和PE的发生率分别为2.5%和1.2%[17,18]。在美国,如果卒中发病率和卒中后平均生存时间不下降,存活的住院卒中患者会占有疾病谱的更高比重[14,15,19]。在这种情况下,神经重症病房的VTE发生率也会更高。

ICU收治的缺血性卒中患者存在多种高发病率和高死亡率的内科问题,而抗凝需要使得血栓预防更加复杂。例如,有出血转化风险的大面积半球卒中可能也存在需要抗凝的合并症如房颤、心衰和VTE。幸运的是,目前已有数个基于随机对照临床试验的指南专门阐释此类问题,例如美国心脏病学会(American Heart Association)及美国胸科医师学会(American College of Chest Physicians)均发布了指南[20,21]。多个荟萃分析探讨了对缺血性卒中患者应用不同药物进行血栓预防,例如普通肝素 (unfractionated heparin,UFH)、低分子肝素(low-molecular-weight heparin,LMWH)、弹力加压袜(elastic compression stockings,CS)、间歇性静脉加压袜[22-25]。总体而言,所有此类分析支持应用LMWH或UFH进行VTE药物预防。药物和机械预防可能有协同作用[22-25]。而应用CS的证据尚不明确,虽然其应用除了增加皮肤破损的风险之外似乎是安全的[22-25]。

在 CLOTS 3研究中,卒中后 0~3 d内启用 IPC减少VTE的绝对风险为3.6%[95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI):1.4~5.8%][24]。两个前瞻性研究亦证实UFH和LMWH的效用[26,27]。PREVAIL试验证明对急性缺血性卒中LMWH较UFH有更好的临床疗效[22]。PREVAIL研究表明,LMWH较UFH减少43%的VTE风险[风险比(risk ratio,RR):0.57,95% CI:0.44~0.76,P=0.0001)[22]。

总体来说,接受LMWH和UFH治疗的住院缺血性卒中患者发生严重出血并发症的风险较低[27,28]。应用CS或IPC对下肢静脉进行外部加压的获益已得到广泛认可[23,24]。尽管此类加压装置的应用已成为常规,但仍有研究者担心其应用造成附加损害或导致促进VTE移位(尤其是应用CS或IPC前已无法活动的患者)[29,30]。

尚无研究在恶性大脑中动脉梗塞综合征行单侧去骨瓣减压术后立即应用药物预防VTE[31]。在常规神经外科文献中,对择期和急诊开颅手术的患者应用UFH和LMWH是安全的[32-34]。因为缺血性卒中后出现偏侧不全瘫痪的患者VTE风险不明,而在单侧去骨瓣减压术后应用UFH和LMWH总体是安全的,作者认为在该人群中应用药物和机械预防措施是适当的。对于接受血管内介入治疗的患者,由于其治疗方案多包括术中应用大剂量肝素且时常应用重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rtPA),目前尚无足够数据指导临床实践。尽管没有足够的临床证据,在应用rtPA或单侧去骨瓣减压术后24 h后进行血栓预防可能是适当的。

推荐

1.推荐所有急性缺血性卒中患者在病情允许时应该尽快开始VTE的药物预防。(强烈推荐,高质量证据)

2.对于活动受限的急性缺血性卒中患者,采用预防剂量LMWH联合间歇性静脉加压袜优于UFH联合间歇性静脉加压袜。(强烈推荐,高质量证据)

3.尽管应用CS可能无害,但专家组因证据不足未推荐应用加压袜预防VTE。

4.对于接受单侧去骨瓣减压术后或血管内治疗的卒中患者,建议术后可以立即给予UFH、LMWH和/或IPC预防VTE;但对于使用rtPA溶栓的患者,此时药物预防应推迟24 h。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

二、重症颅内出血患者的血栓预防

颅内出血 (intracranial hemorrhage,ICH)患者有较高的VTE风险。回顾性研究估计有症状的DVT在ICH患者中发生率 1%~2%[35-38],而 FAST试验中安慰剂组的发生率为5%[39]。两个前瞻性观察性研究中,按研究计划进行静脉超声检查发现DVT的发生率20~40%[40,41]。临床显性PE的发生率约为0.5%~2%[35-43],而其中一半可能致命[17]。两个大规模数据库的回顾性研究表明,ICH患者的VTE风险可达急性缺血性卒中患者的 2~4倍[36,38]。

一项前瞻性对照试验比较了长度覆盖大腿的间歇性充气加压装置(intermittent pneumatic compression devices,IPC)联合梯度加压袜(graduated compression stockings,GCS)和单独应用GCS,发现联用IPC和GCS显著减少了无症状性的DVT[44]。CLOTS 3试验亦证明在ICH患者中应用IPC有益于预防DVT[24]。此外,CLOTS 1试验证明GCS造成皮肤损伤,并不预防VTE[45]。

数个小规模前瞻性对照试验研究了ICH患者中VTE药物预防的风险和获益。Dickmann等[53]比较了单独应用IPC或联用UFH 5 000 IU 3次/d皮下注射;而Boeer等[46]前瞻性研究了UFH 5 000 IU 3次/d皮下注射。但是,这些研究的质量受到其样本量较小和VTE/出血事件发生率低的限制。两个荟萃分析检验了ICH中VTE药物预防的作用,但实际纳入的病例较少且纳入了质量较低的研究[47,48]。Paciaroni等[49]进行了一项更加全面的荟萃分析,纳入了Boeer等[46]和Orken等[47]的前瞻性随机试验,以及两个较大的单中心观察性回顾性研究[50,51]。该荟萃分析表明,应用UFH或LMWH预防较不进行预防显著减少PE的发生 (RR:0.37,95%CI:0.17~0.80,P= 0.01),而发生DVT、血肿增大或死亡率无显著性差异[49]。美国胸科医师学会的第9版抗血栓治疗和血栓预防指南[52]进行了如下比较:将急性缺血性卒中VTE药物预防的较高质量研究中减少的VTE发生率,同构成ICH的VTE预防基石但质量有限的Boeer等[46]、Dickmann等[53]和Orken等[47]研究中血肿增大的发生率进行对比。应用上述方法,VTE药物预防减少有症状DVT(RR:0.31,95%CI:21~0.42)和PE(RR:0.7,95% CI:0.47~1.03)的风险,但不影响血肿增大的发生(RR:0.24,95%CI:0.05~1.13)或死亡率 (RR:1.05,95%CI:0.46~2.36)[52]。

推荐

1.推荐入院立即采用IPC和/或GCS预防VTE。(强烈推荐,高质量证据)

2.对血肿稳定且无尚未纠正的凝血病的患者,建议在入院48 h内皮下注射预防剂量的UFH或LMWH以预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

3.建议在开始药物预防后继续应用IPC预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

三、重症动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的血栓预防

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)患者的VTE发生风险亦较高。其急性小腿DVT的发生率在1.5%到24%,而临床显性PE的发生率在1.25%到2.0%[37,54-57]。VTE同近两倍的平均住院时间(P<0.001)和心/肺并发症风险增加有关,后者包括心肌顿抑和肺水肿[比值比(odds ration,OR):2.8,95%CI:2.4~3.2]。VTE同样跟感染性并发症例如肺炎和脓毒症(OR:2.8,95%CI:2.4~3.3),以及血管痉挛(OR:1.3,95%CI:1.0~1.6)风险增加有关[54]。

在存在急性颅内出血的情况下,确定合适的VTE药物预防方案充满挑战。患者可能需要行脑室外引流术和/或开颅手术以稳定一个破裂动脉瘤。目前缺乏aSAH中VTE预防的文献,此人群的多数推荐源自对缺血性卒中患者观察的外推。

对于神经功能和生理上均稳定、分级较好且没有临床和/或超声上存在血管痉挛的aSAH患者,早期下床活动有助于预防DVT[58]。长度覆盖大腿的GCS并不显著性减少DVT风险,但增加皮肤损伤风险[45,59,60]。IPC较安慰剂组减少DVT的风险[59]。联用IPC和抗凝药可能对VTE预防有协同作用[27]。

UFH减少DVT的风险[59]。5 000 IU 2次/d或3次/d皮下注射的方案均有报道,但没有研究在aSAH患者中直接比较这两个方案[59]。有研究者认为(并未证明)3次/d的UFH增加颅内出血风险,而UFH 2次/d的方案可能更加安全(尤其是出血后的前几天或开颅手术后)[59]。

LMWH同样减少DVT的风险,但增加颅内出血的风险[59,61,62]。总体来说,接受LMWH预防的神经外科患者出血风险较接受机械性预防者的出血风险显著升高(P<0.0005)。接受UFH预防的患者出血率未明显增加(P=0.40)[59]。对于接受开颅手术的患者,低剂量LMWH带来的风险可能超过获益。据估计,对每1 000个患者应用LMWH能预防8~36个VTE事件,但带来4~22个额外的蛛网膜下腔出血。假设SAH所致残疾和死亡是VTE的2~3倍,LMWH带来的损害可能较不进行此方案预防的更大[63]。许多中心常规应用下肢多普勒超声筛查aSAH患者。该方案是安全的,但其效用及费效比尚不清楚[28]。

推荐

1.推荐所有aSAH患者均应给予UFH预防VTE(强烈推荐,高质量证据),但不包括预计需要手术的不稳定破裂动脉瘤。(强烈推荐,低质量证据)

2.推荐aSAH患者入院应该立即使用 IPC预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

3.推荐于手术处理或介入栓塞动脉瘤至少24 h后开始应用UFH预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

四、重症颅脑外伤患者的血栓预防

对于存活超过首个24 h的住院创伤患者,PE是排名第三的死因[64]。重型颅脑外伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)是多发伤患者DVT的独立危险因素,其原因可能是活动减少、机械通气时间延长和促凝因子的激活[65-67]。

对于未行或延迟进行预防的sTBI患者,DVT发生率在13%~17%。对有颅内出血的创伤患者,目前缺乏基于证据的推荐意见。这导致血栓预防方案的不一致性和不同中心的差异性,尚没有TBI患者进行UFH/LWMH药物预防或IPC机械预防VTE的标准方案[68]。尽管该人群VTE发生率较高,但尚无随机试验比较早期和晚期药物预防。Nathans等[69]发现,延迟超过4 d开始抗凝药物血栓预防导致DVT发病率升高3倍,而重型TBI患者出现延迟超过4 d开始进行血栓预防的比例是其他患者的两倍。一个回顾性综述发现,对于有创伤性颅脑出血(traumatic intracranial hemorrhage,tICH)的多系统创伤患者,延迟超过 48 h启动预防导致 DVT发生率较没有头部创伤的患者高 3至 4倍 (RR:2.67,95%CI:1.69~4.20)[70]。

该人群应选取何种抗凝剂仍需进一步研究。目前,没有研究在有重型TBI和 ICH的多系统创伤患者中直接比较LMWH和UFH进行VTE预防。对伴有脊髓损伤而没有头部外伤的多系统创伤患者进行的随机对照临床试验表明,LWMH较UFH对VTE的预防更有效。2001年EAST和第8版美国胸科医师协会指南均推荐应用LMWH对没有头部损伤的创伤患者进行VTE预防[64,71]。对于有创伤性ICH的患者,EAST指南声称尚无足够证据支持对LMWH的推荐,然而ACCP的指南则推荐LMWH用于所有创伤患者[64]。2007颅脑创伤基金会指南认为对重型TBI患者,选用何种药物预防血栓尚无足够证据,亦无足够证据推荐开始药物抗凝预防VTE的时机[72]。

推荐

1.根据缺血性卒中和开颅手术后VTE预防的证据,推荐TBI后24 h或开颅手术完成后24 h内启用IPC预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

2.对于有TBI和ICH的患者,推荐在24~48 h内或开颅手术后24 h内启用LMWH或UFH预防VTE,(弱推荐,低质量证据)

3.根据其他神经系统损害如缺血性卒中的数据,推荐采用机械性装置如IPC预防TBI患者的VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

五、重症颅脑肿瘤患者的血栓预防

约20%~30%的恶性胶质瘤患者出现VTE,而因脑肿瘤行开颅手术的患者发生DVT风险可达31%。现已发现颅脑肿瘤患者有数个VTE危险因素,如罹患胶质母细胞瘤、肿瘤体积较大、下肢不全瘫痪、高龄、手术时间较长、化疗及应用糖皮质激素[73]。

在此人群中可采用机械(IPC)和/或药物(UFH或LMWH)进行DVT预防,但选择最适宜方案必须考虑出血性并发症。药物可有效减少VTE,Simanek等[73]对63例高级别胶质瘤患者应用GCS和不同的肝素方案 [40 mg依诺肝素、2 500 IU或5 000 IU达肝均为1次/d)]治疗。24%(15/ 63)的患者发生VTE,其中60%(9/15)发生PE而40%(6/15)发生DVT。进行联合VTE预防的患者中5%(2/15)出现VTE;该研究并未报道出血性并发症。Robbins等[74]应用5 000 IU达肝素治疗42例新近诊断的胶质母细胞瘤细胞患者,在6.3个月的中位治疗时间内没有出现VTE或ICH。Perry等[75]应用亭扎肝素对40例新近诊断的恶性胶质瘤(WHOⅢ-Ⅳ级)患者进行了安全的VTE预防。术后2 d到4周内开始4 500 IU亭扎肝素皮下注射,疗程最长达12个月;但有5%(2/40)的中枢神经系统出血发生率。在另一项研究中,Perry等[75]将新近诊断的恶性胶质瘤患者随机化,分入达肝素5 000 IU组(n= 99)或安慰剂组(n=87)[16,76]。治疗开始的6个月内,VTE发生率在达肝素组为9%而安慰剂组为15%(P=0.29);而同时期ICH发生率达肝素组为3%而安慰剂组为0(P=0.22)。到治疗12个月时,ICH发生率分别为5%和1%(P=0.48)。与此相反,Cage等[77]回顾了86例因脑膜瘤行外科手术的患者,其中24例在术后48 h内应用了依诺肝素而62例未性预防。在颅内出血的发生率上依诺肝素组和对照组没有显著差异(分别为12.5%和12.9%)[77]。

推荐

对于脑肿瘤患者:若大出血风险较低且没有出血转化征象,推荐住院即开始使用LMWH或UFH预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

六、重症脊髓损伤患者的血栓预防

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是DVT的独立危险因素。但在不同研究中SCI的诊断标准不同,故存在纳入患者群体的差异性[78],下肢DVT的发生率在12%~64%之间。通过标记纤维蛋白原、体积描记法及静脉造影,在没有预防措施的情况下DVT的发生率在50%~80%[7]。

瘫痪SCI患者在最初 12周内 DVT的总体发生率在18%~100%,而PE的发生率在4.6%~14%。伤后最初2周的风险可能最高,而3个月后下降。尽管在6个月之后DVT的发生率进一步下降,但DVT仍可能在伤后数月的时期内发生[78,79]。

对SCI患者进行主动或被动的活动锻炼和/或加压袜对预防DVT的作用尚不明确。一项前瞻性临床研究比较了LMWH联合早期活动(72 h内)和LMWH联合晚期活动(8~28 d之间,平均12 d),早期活动组的DVT发生率为2%而晚期活动组为26%[79]。

单独应用IPC不足以预防SCI患者的DVT。Green等[80]和Merli等[81]通过IPC联合药物预防减少了DVT的发生。如果无法进行机械或药物预防应考虑进行二维超声的筛查,并在有 DVT的客观证据时考虑放置下腔静脉 (inferior vena cava,IVC)滤器。一个纳入病例数量较少的研究表明,应用IVC滤器能有效预防SCI患者的有症状PE[82-84]。

UFH和LMWH有效减少SCI患者的DVT[80,85,86]。第8版ACCP抗血栓指南建议相对于不进行预防,建议应用UFH(2C级)或LMWH(2C级)或机械预防(最好选用IPC,2C)[21]。脊柱医学协会推荐应用调整剂量的UFH[87]。一项纳入90例急性创伤性SCI患者的回顾性队列研究表明,应用达肝素(5 000 IU 1次/d)或UFH(5 000 IU 2次/d)在VTE预防上没有显著性差异 (VTE总体发生率7.78%,UFH组为3/47而达肝素组为4/43,P=0.7054)[88]。一项医疗费用分析表明,同依诺肝素30 mg 2次/d比较,调整剂量的UFH的费效比更优[88]。

SCI患者DVT预防的具体时程尚不确定。脊柱医学协会建议依据功能状态,是否有其他危险因素或合并症,以及患者的医疗服务可得性决定DVT的预防时程[89]。

推荐

对于脊髓损伤患者:

1.应该尽早开始 (于受伤72 h内)尽早采取措施预防VTE。(强烈推荐,高质量证据)

2.不建议单独使用机械性方法预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

3.出血控制后应尽快应用LMWH或调整剂量的UFH预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

4.如果无法应用LMWH或UFH,建议采用IPC预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

七、重症神经肌肉疾病患者的血栓预防

住院患者、危重症、无法活动和呼吸衰竭是 DVT和PE发生经典而重要的危险因素[90]。因此格兰巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS)和重症肌无力(myastheniagravis,MG)是DVT和PE的高危因素。文献报道GBS患者发生有症状DVT的风险为4%~7%,而PE为3%~7%[91-96]。故VTE预防是此类患者治疗的重要组成部分。然而专家组未找到对住院或重症神经肌肉疾病患者应用任意方法进行VTE预防的系统性评价文献。作者因此从最近似的患者人群数据中进行外推,即住院/重症内科患者及脊髓损伤患者。

数个荟萃分析已检验了在住院和重症内科患者中应用多种VTE预防措施的效用[90,97-100]。来自4到8个随机对照试验(纳入5 206~8 605例患者)、最为相关和新近数据决定了结果[90]。对于住院内科患者,相对于不使用预防措施,应用UFH、LMWH或磺达肝癸钠发生有症状DVT的RR为0.47(95%CI:0.22~1.00),而致死性PE的RR为0.41(95%CI:0.22~0.76)。而发生非致死性PE、大出血及全因死亡没有显著性差异。低剂量UFH(5 000 IU 2次/d或3次/d皮下注射)同LMWH相比发生DVT、PE及死亡率均无差异。虽然应用LMWH显著性减少了重大出血事件 (RR:0.48,95%CI:0.24~0.99),但由于治疗每1 000例患者其发生比例低于5例,故其绝对作用有限。而对UFH 2次/d和UFH 3次/d进行比较(因这2种方案未进行过直接比较,故在荟萃分析中进行了间接比较),PE、DVT、重大出血及死亡均无显著性差异。

机械性VTE预防措施在住院或重症内科患者中的研究相对较少。在该人群中应用GCS不带来有症状DVT、非致死性PE或死亡率的获益,但依据CLOTS 1试验的结果GCS显著增加皮肤破损/溃疡/水泡/坏死的发生率(RR:4.02,95% CI:2.34~6.91)[45,90]。对手术患者,GCS和IPC同药物预防联用均使DVT风险下降,但PE风险没有下降[101,102]。该问题未在内科患者中得到研究。仅有一项纳入少量PE事件的研究表明,LMWH可能较 UFH更有效的预防有症状 PE(RR:0.58,95%CI:0.34~0.97)[90,103]。亦没有直接相关证据足以指导该人群在ICU中的VTE预防时程。

推荐

1.推荐优先将应用预防剂量的UFH (2次/d或3次/d)、LMWH或磺达肝素作为预防VTE的方案。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

2.对于因出血风险过高而不宜进行药物预防的患者,推荐采用IPC预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

3.建议神经肌肉病患者应联合药物和机械性方法(IPC)预防VTE(弱推荐,低质量证据)

4.无法使用药物或IPC预防的患者,建议单独使用GCS预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

5.建议应延长预防VTE的时程 (至少在急性期住院期间,或直到能下地活动)。(弱推荐,非常低质量证据)

八、接受神经外科和神经介入干预的重症患者的血栓预防

在神经外科的普通患者人群中,术后VTE如DVT和PE是致残和致死的重要病因。但神经外科患者及其术式复杂多样,故择期脊柱手术、脑肿瘤切除或有创动脉内操作的患者VTE发生率不同。在进行大型脊柱重建手术的患者中,DVT的发生率在0~15.5%,而PE可高达15%[104]。择期脊柱手术的患者中,VTE的发生率在0.3%~31%,而汇集总体风险据估计为2.1%[105]。神经外科普通患者人群DVT和PE的发生率均为0.4%[106-108]。据报道,特定手术体位如俯卧位和跪式体位VTE的发生率为0[31]。不同报道中因神经肿瘤行开颅手术的患者DVT和PE的发生率不同,可低至3%,而在高级别胶质瘤患者中可高达28.0%[109,110]。目前,对神经系统动脉内操作的报道极少。而在多种血管内操作期间患者均接受抗凝,故血栓栓塞的发生率可能受到明显影响。

过去40年间,多个试验研究了神经外科患者(包括接受开颅手术者)的VTE预防措施[34,59,111-120]。最常见的干预措施是CS、IPC、LMWH和UFH。近来的两个荟萃分析比较了VTE预防的获益和风险(包括颅内出血)[112,117,121]。 其中最新的荟萃分析纳入了30个前瞻性研究 (18个随机试验和12个队列研究),其结论为:LMWH的效用较IPC的差(LMWH:RR:0.60,CI:0.44~0.81;IPC:RR:0.41,95%CI:0.21~0.78),而随后直接比较两者的检验没有发现显著性差异(RR:1.97,95%CI:0.64~6.06)[117]。该荟萃分析提示应用LWMH和IPC总体上是安全且有效的,而颅内出血风险有限[122-128]。

然而,这些大规模荟萃分析并未分析特定神经外科亚组患者VTE的风险和获益。UFH相比于其他预防措施出血风险更高[115,129]。在麻醉诱导时和开颅手术中预防性应用LMWH同术后颅内出血风险的增加有关[59,61,62,130]。与此相反,其他研究报道在神经外科患者开颅手术后的围手术期应用LMWH或UFH的颅内出血风险类似[112,113,131]。大型前瞻性队列研究提示LMWH对胶质瘤择期手术和常规开颅手术是安全的[34,132,133]。GCS、IPC联合LMWH或UFH在复杂脊柱手术中有效预防 VTE[33,112,113,115,129,134-136]。在重度脊髓损伤或复杂脊柱手术患者中,下腔静脉(inferior vena cava,IVC)滤器的应用尚未得到充分研究。小规模病例系列提示IVC滤器在创伤患者中有一定获益;但是多数证据提示获益有限而造成损害的风险升高[137-140]。在择期开颅手术患者中,应用IPC联合LMWH或UFH 是有益的[59,112-114,131,141]。

对于颅内血管内介入术中进行抗凝的患者,其发生颅内出血的风险可能增加。有证据表明在置入脑室外引流管后,因动脉瘤栓塞接受全量肝素化的患者在活化凝血酶原时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)得到严格控制的前提下,有症状或无症状脑室外引流相关出血的风险并不增加[142]。

推荐

(一)择期脊柱外科手术的VTE预防

1.采取特殊体位如俯卧位或跪式体位的门诊背部手术患者无VTE风险,建议对该人群仅使用IPC预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

2.对常规择期脊柱外科手术,推荐下床活动联合机械性方法(GCS或IPC),或联合LMWH预防VTE。对于VTE高风险的患者,推荐下床活动、GCS或IPC及LMWH的联合方案预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

3.鉴于出血风险的增加,仅推荐将UFH作为VTE的替代性预防手段。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

(二)复杂脊柱外科手术的VTE预防

1.推荐使用IPC联合LMWH或UFH预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

2.对于重度脊髓损伤或复杂脊柱外科手术者,不推荐常规放置IVC滤网预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

3.对于有DVT和PE的患者,或DVT可能致PE但不能抗凝的患者,建议考虑临时放置可回收的IVC滤网作为预防VTE的暂时性措施。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

(三)择期开颅手术的VTE预防

1.推荐开颅术后24 h内使用IPC联合LMWH或UFH预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

2.推荐常规开颅手术切除胶质瘤后24 h内使用IPC联合LMWH或UFH预防VTE。(强烈推荐,中等质量证据)

(四)择期颅内/动脉内操作的VTE预防

1.建议在下床活动之前采用CS和IPC预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

2.建议立即给予预防性抗凝药物LMWH或UFH。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

(五)颅内血管内介入手术的VTE预防

1.检测活化凝血酶原时间后,推荐于24 h内对卒中或其他神经系统损伤的偏身不全瘫痪者启用UFH和/或机械性方法如IPC或CS预防VTE。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

2.使用rtPA或其他溶栓药物者,应该推迟溶栓后至少24 h再开始VTE的药物预防。(弱推荐,低质量证据)

3.进行择期手术的患者可能不需要使用 LMWH或UFH,但是早期下地活动和/或机械性方法如IPC或CS可能获益。(弱推荐,非常低质量证据)

九、结论

在撰写神经重症VTE预防循证指南的过程中,专家组遇到最重大的挑战是缺乏随机对照且有足够效力的临床试验。目前需要进一步研究,以解决这一独特诊疗条件下VTE预防的各种问题。此类研究因为患者的复杂性和VTE的发病率较低而充满挑战。

此类指南是未来临床研究的起点,应该用于决定神经重症患者最佳的VTE预防措施。本专家组依据GRADE系统制订推荐,在决定推荐强度时将风险-收益比、患者价值观和偏好、资源的可得性纳入考量。应当注意的是,弱推荐应当特别注意依据患者情况进行个体化,并在实施前与患者的利益相关者共同进行详细的评估。本专家组推荐在临床工作中依据其自身临床经验和纳入证据的细节来应用该指南的相关推荐。神经重症学会将在新证据出现时更新该指南。

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2016-06-27)

(本文编辑:张丽)

10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9141.2016.05.002

200000 上海,同济大学附属上海第十人民医院神经外科

高亮,Email:fdu2005@163.com

高亮,陈宋育.美国神经重症学会预防神经重症患者静脉血栓栓塞指南的解读[J/CD].中华神经创伤外科电子杂志,2016,2 (5):261-270.

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