先天性心脏病外科围术期心外膜永久性起搏器植入原因及远期效果分析
2015-12-16张浩张涛李守军张惠丽花中东
张浩,张涛,李守军,张惠丽,花中东
先天性心脏病外科围术期心外膜永久性起搏器植入原因及远期效果分析
张浩,张涛,李守军,张惠丽,花中东
目的:本研究总结回顾了单中心先天性心脏病(先心病)外科围手术期心外膜永久性起搏器植入经验和远期随访结果。
方法:回顾性分析2002年-2014年间我院33例8岁以下先心病患儿外科围术期植入心外膜永久性起搏器的临床资料。先天性高度房室传导阻滞6例,医源性高度房室传导阻滞27例。患儿平均年龄(23.2±26.9)个月,平均体重(9.7±5.6) kg。除6例术中即植入起搏器外,其余均于术后(26.0±13.1) d植入起搏器。起搏导线植入于右心室膈面,起搏器均放置于腹直肌后的囊袋。术中收集起搏器植入时间、类型、植入后即刻心室夺获阈值,电极电阻等电生理学信息。随访期间,收集心脏超声心动图、心电图、起搏器电程控信息和恶性心血管事件的发生。术后随访(46.8±33.9)个月。
结果:除2例因先天性传导阻滞植入双腔起搏器外,其余均植入单腔起搏器。起搏器植入后即刻心室夺获阈值(1.34 ±0.72)V,而末次随访时未见心室夺获阈值明显增加[(1.37±0.81)V,P=0.93]。与植入起搏器即刻比,末次随访时的心室电极电阻 [(366.7±88 )Ω vs (331.9±95.9) Ω,P=0.32]和R波振幅[(12.3±3.5) mV vs(11.4±4.9)mV,P=0.635] 均无明显升高。随访期间4例患儿术后因电池耗竭行起搏器置换术;21.2 %(7/33)患儿出现心力衰竭或猝死的恶性心血管事件,发生恶性心血管事件的患儿的年龄和体重与预后良好的患儿相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访期间所有患儿均未发生囊袋感染及起搏器电极折断的情况。
结论:医源性高度房室传导阻滞是目前先心病外科围术期植入永久性起搏器的首位原因。心外膜永久性起搏器植入有较好的远期随访效果,但是起搏器类型的选择仍需进一步优化。
先天性心脏病;永久性起搏器;外科
(Chinese Circulation Journal, 2015,30:777.)
先天性心脏病(先心病)术后高度房室传导阻滞的发生率约为1%,是先心病外科围术期植入永久起搏器的主要原因[1]。先天性高度房室传导阻滞发生率为1/20000[2,3],是儿童植入永久起搏器的主要原因。永久起搏器的植入途经包括径心外膜和经心内膜两种。经心外膜途径是儿童在接受先心病外科围手术期间植入永久起搏器植入的首选途径,其不受年龄、周围静脉血管条件及合并先心病心脏结构异常的限制[4]。但心外膜途径其操作创伤性较大,而且起搏器相关并发症发生率较高[5],然而类固醇洗脱电极的出现使其远期疗效得到很大的改善[6,7]。本文回顾了我院十年间先心病外科围术期心外膜永久性起搏器植入经验和随访情况。
1 资料与方法
患者资料:回顾性分析2002年-2014年在阜外心血管病医院接受先心病外科手术同期实施永久性起搏器植入的8岁以下患者儿资
料。本中心12年内起搏器每年植入的例数以及同期经心内膜和心外膜起搏器植入例数的变化见图1,患者病种资料见表1。
本研究最终纳入经心外膜植入永久性起搏器的患儿33例。27例是先心病术后医源性房室传导阻滞,于术后(26.0±13.1) d行原切口下端(胸骨下端小切口),将电极缝合于右心室的游离面或心脏膈面;然后剑突下小切口于上腹部脐上制作囊袋,起搏器植入于腹直肌和腹直肌后鞘之间的空隙。6例患儿为先心病合并先天性Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞,在外科手术同期植入永久性起搏器。
图1 2002年~2014年起搏器植入的例数以及同期经心内膜和经心外膜起搏器植入例数
表1 因高度房室传导阻滞需植入永久性起搏器患儿合并先心病的类型(例)
起搏器参数和起搏方式:记录起搏器在术中及末次随访时的起搏方式。起搏及感知参数:术中植入即刻及末次随访时测量起搏器的心室夺获阈值、心室电极阻抗及R波振幅。
超声心动图:术前、术后植入起搏器即刻及末次随访时行超声心动图监测左心室射血分数及左心室舒张末期内径。
随访:随访(46.8±33.8)个月,记录末次随访时起搏器的起搏及感知参数,末次超声心动图相关指标数值,起搏器相关并发症(电极折断及置换、起搏阈值过高、感知异常、囊袋感染等)。比较随访期间出现心功能不全和死亡的患儿和未发生心功能不全且生存的患儿的年龄和体重。
统计学分析:采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据处理。计量资料均以平均值±标准差表示,经方差齐性和正态分布检验,满足方差齐性和正态分布的计量资料组间比较采用单变量单向方差分析和独立样本t检验,若方差不齐计量资料行Dunnett T3检验;计数资料以率或百分比表示,采用卡方检验及Fisher确切概率法;采用Kaplan-Meier方法绘制生存及电池寿命曲线。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
27例医源性高度房室传导阻滞的患儿起搏器植入术的手术室内皮到皮时间为(119.1±33.5)min。术后11例于手术室拔除气管插管,其余均于术后4.8 h(1.2~66 h)内拔除。术中均无需输注血液制品。术后住院期间死亡1例,其余均顺利出院。
33例高度房室传导阻滞的患儿术中植入起搏器即刻和术后末次随访的心室夺获阈值、心室电极阻抗和R波振幅见表2。与术中植入起搏器即刻比较,患儿术后末次随访均未见心室夺获阈值、心室电极阻抗和R波振幅升高。
表2 永久性起搏器起搏参数比较
表2 永久性起搏器起搏参数比较
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4例患儿术后(50.8±22.7)个月(30~80个月)因电池耗竭行起搏器置换术,未出现心室电极相关的并发症。31例为VVI模式,2例为DDD模式,随访期间均未调整起搏模式。
33例患儿在随访期间出现左心室射血分数下降[术后即刻:(66.8±6.9)% vs末次随访时:(59.6±7.5)%,P=0.01],左心室舒张末期内径在随访期间趋于增大[术后即刻:(25.5±8.4) mm vs末次随访时:(33.3±9.6) mm,P=0.005]。
本组中21.2 %(7/33)患儿出现心力衰竭或猝死。4例因心功能不全再次入院,其心脏畸形分别为右心室双出口(2例)、房间隔缺损(1例)和完全性心内膜垫缺损(1例)。心力衰竭患儿经药物治疗后好转。随访期间死亡3例(分别于术后6个月、8个月和9个月猝死),其合并心脏畸形分别为完全性大动脉转位、右心室双出口和法乐四联症。
出现心力衰竭或猝死的7例患儿植入起搏器时的平均年龄为(21.6±30.66)个月(4~96个月),体重为(9.5±6.4) kg。未发生心功能不全且生存的26例患儿植入起搏器时的平均年龄为(20.4±22)个月(4~96个月),体重为(9.8±5.3) kg。两者在年龄和体重方面差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。
3 讨论
先心病已经成为中国的首位出生缺陷疾病。随着国家医疗保险制度的完善,越来越多患儿接受外科治疗进行心脏畸形的矫治[8]。外科治疗过程中,不可避免地可能会带来医源性的传导系统损伤,从而需在术后植入永久起搏器[9]。本中心先心病外科围术期植入永久起搏器的主要原因是医源性损伤导致的高度房室传导阻滞。导致本组医源性损伤的先心病类型中以室间隔缺损占首位。其次疾病类型是矫正性大动脉转位。本组疾病类型与巴西、埃及等发展中国家的病种是一致的[10,11]。而在西方发达国家,导致医源性损伤的首位心脏畸形是合并室间隔缺损的完全性大动脉转位,其次为完全性心内膜垫缺损,与国内略有差异[12],可能由于此两类畸形在发达国家更倾向于在低龄婴儿时手术,所以容易导致传导系统损伤。
对于外科术后医源性损伤,一般认为超过7~14 d需要植入起搏器[13,14]。由于国人对术后永久起搏器植入比较难以接受,所以国内等待时间偏长,一般为术后3周。对于明确的医源性损伤,4岁以前均建议首选心外膜途径植入。对于一些特殊类型的先心病(如单心室矫治、矫正性大动脉转位行心房内Senning术等)而言,心外膜途径更是其唯一的选择。在2010年以前,由于各种原因,本中心心外膜途径开展很少,所以很多患儿转到心内科接受静脉途径治疗。随着近几年对心外膜途径认识的加深,更多的患儿开始依据指南实施心外膜途径植入。在手术切口选择上,将原切口下部打开即可,一般通过游离剑突即可显露右心室膈面,必要时可将最下的一根胸骨固定钢丝松开来获得更好的显露。与成人不同,接受永久性起搏器植入的患儿年龄偏小且发育较差,腹壁的脂肪组织和腹肌发育还不完全,从而使腹直肌的解剖层次有时难以辨识。若误置于腹直肌后鞘之后,起搏器将随着患儿活动坠入腹腔之内。若误置于腹直肌前鞘之前,起搏器将失去腹直肌的保护,很容易受外力的损伤。所以在儿童或婴儿起搏器囊袋制作中需重视腹直肌的游离和囊袋位置的选择。
本组选择的导线电极均为类固醇洗脱,可以减轻局部组织炎性反应,降低心室夺获阈值,延迟起搏器使用寿命[6,7]。虽然由于心脏表面疤痕组织存在和心外膜自身的高阻抗,植入时其心室夺获阈值可能较心内膜途径高,但随访期间发现起搏器的关键电学指标(心室夺获阈值、电极阻抗和R波振幅)均未发生显著恶化。
一般而言,由于设定的心律快,所以起搏器寿命相应会短,一般认为儿童起搏器更换时间为5.5年,起搏电极更换时间为10.8年[15]。在本组随访期间未出现电极断裂、阻抗增加等情况,但有4例因为电池耗竭行起搏器置换术。
在随访中,所有患儿心功能虽在正常范围之内(以左心室射血分数<55%为心功能下降基准[16]),但随访期间出现左心室射血分数下降。考虑其原因一方面与自身心脏病变有关,另一方面可能与起搏位点有关。很多学者研究表明右心室游离壁起搏会导致心脏扩大、从而导致心功能下降[17,18]。
本组中21.2 %(7/33)患儿出现心力衰竭或猝死。发生恶性事件的患儿的年龄和体重与预后良好的患者相比差异无统计学意义。但预后不良患儿中除1例为房间隔缺损合并先天性高度房室阻滞,其余均为合并复杂型先心病导致的医源性损伤。目前国外起搏器植入类型以双腔起搏器为主,在国内以选择单腔起搏器为主。毫无疑问,双腔起搏能维持正常房室顺序起搏,更符合生理状态[19]。所以,对于复杂型先心病导致的医源性高度房室传导阻滞患儿,若能提高双腔起搏器的植入比例,有可能进一步降低心力衰竭或猝死的发生率。
医源性损伤是目前先心病外科围术期永久性起搏器植入的首位原因。心外膜途径的永久性起搏器植入是治疗先心病围术期高度房室传导阻滞的有效手段,而且有较好的远期随访效果,但对于复杂型先心病术后永久性起搏器类型的选择仍需要优化。
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Cause of Placement of Permanent Epicardial-pacemaker During Peri-operative Period and Long-term Follow-up Study in Patients With Congenital Heart Disease
ZHANG Hao, ZHANG Tao, LI Shou-jun, ZHANG Hui-li, HUA zhong-dong.
Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing (100037), China
Objective: To analyze the 10-year experience for placement of permanent epicardial-pacemaker (PM) during perioperative period in a single center of patients with congenital heart diseases (CHD).Methods: A total of 33 CHD patients who received the placement of epicardial-PM during peri-operative period in our hospital from 2002 to 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 6 patients with congenital atrio-ventricular block (AVB) 27 with iatrogenic AVB. All patients were younger than 8 years and the mean age was (23.2 ± 26.9) months, with the body weight at (9.7 ± 5.6) Kg. 6 patients with congenital AVB received surgical PM placement combined with CHD repair, and the other 27 patients received PM placement at (26 ± 13.1) days after the surgery. Steroid-eluting bipolar epicardial pacing leads were inserted through median sternotomy and connected to various pulse generators within the subrectus pocket. The time, type, acute ventricular stimulation sensing, impedance and electrophysiological information of PM were collected during the operation. The patients were followed-up for (46.8 ± 33.9) months for echocardiography, ECG, programming information ofPM, and the major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were recorded.Results: There were 2 congenital AVB patients received dual chamber PM and the rest patients received single chamber PM. Acute ventricular stimulation sensing was (1.34 ± 0.72) V, no significant increase was identified in the last follow-up examination as (1.37 ± 0.81) V, P=0.93. Compared with immediate PM implantation, no significant increases were observed for impedance and R wave in the last follow-up examination as (366.7 ± 88) Ω vs (331.9 ± 95.9) Ω, P=0.32 and (12.3 ± 3.5) mV vs (11.4 ± 4.9) mV, P=0.635 respectively. There were 4 patients received PM replacement because of generator dysfunction, 7/33 (21.2%) of patients had MACE as heart failure or sudden death. The age and body weight in MACE patients were similar with the patients with good prognosis, P>0.05. No pocket infection or lead fracture occurred.Conclusion: Iatrogenic high level of AVB has been the primary reason for surgical placement of epicardial PM in CHD patients during peri-operative period. It has better long term outcome, while the type of PM should be optimized.
Congenital heart diseases; Permanent pacemaker; Surgery
2015-01-21)
(编辑:许 菁)
100037 北京市,中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 国家心血管病中心 阜外心血管病医院 小儿外科中心(张浩、李守军、张惠丽、花中东);山东寿光市人民医院 胸心外科(张涛)
张浩 主任医师 博士 主要从事先天性心脏病临床研究 Email:drzhanghao@126.com 通讯作者: 花中东 Email: richardhua@yahoo.com
R54
A
1000-3614(2015)08-0777-04
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2015.08.015