NMET 短文改错的特点与解题技巧

张 丽

（宁夏回族自治区六盘山高级中学）

高考英语短文改错题一直是学生感到棘手的题型之一。本文着重对高考英语短文改错题的题型特点以及错误类型做分析、归纳和总结，进而总结解题方法，帮助考生更好地应对高考英语短文改错题。

一、短文改错题的题型特点及考查能力

高考英语短文改错题以篇章为单位，要求考生有较强的阅读理解能力，考生必须摆脱孤立片面的思维定式，以一种连贯的思路、整体的眼光去适应这一题型。高考短文改错题重在测试学生判断、发现、纠正语篇中语言错误的能力；考查学生在语篇中对于语言的观察能力、评价能力以及综合运用英语的准确性能力。

二、短文改错命题规律及考点分布

纵观近5 年英语高考真题，短文改错的体裁以记叙文为主，字数在120 字左右，内容往往与学生的学习和生活相关，错误类型有多词、少词不多于3 处，近几年呈现多词1 处、少词1 处、错词8 处的趋势。考点主要涵盖了名词、动词时态、语态、代词、形容词、副词连词、冠词、非谓语动词、介词。

三、短文改错的错误类型

1.名词：名词数的误用

e.g. One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.（2015 新课标全国卷I）

Since then-for all these year，we...（2014 新课标全国卷I）

He was tall，with broad shoulder and a beard that turned from ...（2013 新课标全国卷I）

From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.（2012 新课标全国卷）

It felt very strange to travel without any luggages. （2011 新课标全国卷）

总结归纳：

高中阶段常见不可数名词：（1）各种物质的统称：water，paper，oil，bread，money，etc.（2）抽象名词：advice，beauty，knowledge，help，etc.（3）需要特别记忆的单词：luggage，baggage，damage，advice，information，progress，furniture，equipment，news.

2.动词：时态和语态的误用

e.g.Tony was scared and begun to cry.（2015 新课标全国卷I）Since then...，we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.（2014 新课标全国卷I）

I was only four when she passes away.（2013 新课标全国卷I）When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father...（2012 新课标全国卷）

I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.（2011 新课标全国卷）

They were looked like rain.（2014 陕西卷）

总结归纳：

不能用被动语态的动词及动词短语：cost，fit，suit，benefit，lack，happen to do sth，last，spread，belong to，break out，run out，go out，shut off，take place，work out，lose heart，consist of.

3.非谓语动词：（1）doing，done 和to do 的混用。（2）谓语动词和非谓语动词的混用

e.g.After looks at the toy for some time，he turned around...（2015新课标全国卷I）

She used to holding me on her knees and sing old songs.（2013 新课标全国卷I）

I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.（2011 新课标全国卷）

总结归纳：

（1）常见做状语的固定结构：Judging from；generally honestlystrictlyfrankly speaking;considering that（考虑到……），supposingproviding（that）（假如……）；seeing that…（即然，由于……）；thinking that（想到）to tell you the truth; to make things worse; to begin with（首先）。

（2）常见表状态现象的动词过去分词

be seated；be expected to do something; be linked connected to;be concerned with aboutfor; be supposed to do something; be determined to do something; be lost; be devoted to; be exposed to; be prepared to dofor

4.代词：（1）前后指代是否一致。（2）不定代词和反身代词的误用。（3）形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的误用。（3）关系代词which，that，as，who。（4）what 和that 的区别。

e.g.Five minutes later，Tony saw（his）parents.（2015 新课标全国卷I）

He had a deep voice，which set himself apart from others in our small town...（2013 新课标全国卷I）

We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake（2013 陕西卷）

总结归纳：

常见含oneself 的短语：come to oneself 苏醒过来；devote oneself to 致力于；献身于；dress oneself 穿衣服；enjoy oneself 玩得快乐；help oneself to 随便吃；随便用；擅自拿；make oneself at home 不要拘束；make oneself understood 让别人理解自己；say to oneself 心里想；seat oneself 坐下；talk to oneself 自言自语；teach oneself 自学；by oneself 单独地；for oneself 为自己；of oneself 自动地；to oneself 独自享用。

5.连词：关联词、平衡结构、行文逻辑的误用

e.g. After...，he turned around and found where his parents were missing.（2015 新课标全国卷I）

Although we...，but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.（2014 新课标全国卷I）

He even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.（2013 新课标全国卷I）

But before long they began to see which was happening.（2012 新课标全国卷）

I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag from the floor...（2011 新课标全国卷）

归纳总结：

不能连用的连词：because...so...，although...but...（但although可以和yet，still 连用）

6.形容词与副词：混用、比较等级的误用

e.g.Dad and I were terrible worried.（2015 新课标全国卷I）

The fruits are small in size，but juicy and taste.（2014 新课标全国卷I）

I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.（2012 新课标全国卷）

I was going to visit a friend here and after that I would go to Xiamen...（2011 新课标全国卷）

归纳总结：

四、短文改错解题步骤

1.通读全文，了解大意

2.先易后难，缩小范围

3.把握文意，逐句判断

4.再次通读，复查验证

五、短文改错解题原则

1.错误以改动最少为原则

2.虚词以添加或删除为原则

3.实词以改变形式为原则

4.原意以坚持不变为原则

总之，考生在答短文改错题目时，如果能有意识地去判断错误位置及通过错误类型归纳来帮助分析错误，将会起到事半功倍的效果。