浅谈英语从句在长句分析中的处理方法

鲍玉杰

【摘 要】英语长句常含有一个或多个从句，理清主句与从句的关系是长句分析的关键。而从句与主句之间的关系又疏密有别。在长句分析中我们可以视其与主句的不同关系而采取不同的处理方法。

【关键词】英语；从句；长句；分析

英语从句可以简单分为三大类：名词从句、形容词从句和副词从句。这三类从句与主句之间联系的程度是有差别的，在分析英语长句的过程中，主从句关系紧密的，从句不能与主句剥离开；主从句关系松散的，从句可以与主句分离开，独立处理。

一、名词从句

名词从句包括：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。其中，主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句与主句关系较为紧密，在分析长句时若将其与主句截断则容易造成句子成分残缺。然而，同位语从句的结构特点和表意功能决定了它与主句关系相对松散，去掉后不会导致句子成分残缺，因而分析长句时可以把同位语从句与主句分开，独立分析。

（一）It has been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively， there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically： why should one develop a theory， carry out systematic observations or make predictions about the obvious？

句中，it 为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。若把主语从句去掉，句子主干就会缺失，因而也不能表达完整的意义。

（二）The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle， and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

句中，若把that 引导的表语从句与主句割裂开来，句子就会因为缺乏表语而成分残缺，因而表语从句不适合与主句剥离开来。

（三）The examples of Virtual Vineyards， Amazon.com， and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity， hospitality， and security will attract online customers.

句中，that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity， hospitality， and security will attract online customers是show 的宾语从句，去掉后，show后边没有受动对象，将表达不出完整的语义。

（四）California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling，particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.

句中，that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest为同位语从句，解释说明assumption 的具体内容。 暂时去掉后，句子尚有the old assumption作upsets的宾语，主干成分没有缺失。所以，分析句子主干时，同位语从句可以与主句暂时割裂开来。

二、形容词从句

形容词从句即定语从句。从句子主干分析的角度看，定语从句并非句子主干必不可少的成分，所以长句分析中可以暂时将定语从句，尤其是非限定性定语从句去掉。

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate will experience greater intellectual development.

句中who is raised in an environment， where there are many stimuli 和which develop his or her capacity for appropriate是三個连用的定语从句，分别修饰先行词child，environment和stimuli，去掉后句子主干立即清晰呈现出来，对原句的主体成分没有影响。

三、副词从句

副词从句即状语从句。状语从句作主句的状语，并非句子的核心要素，分析长句时可以暂时将其去掉，不影响句子主要意思的表达。

I could accept this fact with calmness because I knew that if I wasn't able to avoid a mistake， chances were that no other surgeon could have， either.

句中because I knew that if I wasn't able to avoid a mistake， chances were that no other surgeon could have， either是原因状语从句，暂时剥离后句子长度瞬间变短，结构清晰可见。

参考文献：

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