IL-34和CSF-1在狼疮肾炎小鼠肾脏的表达及意义*
2015-06-05廖文慧杜艳军
廖文慧, 杜艳军, 曾 锐
论著
IL-34和CSF-1在狼疮肾炎小鼠肾脏的表达及意义*
廖文慧1, 杜艳军2, 曾 锐3△
华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院1综合科3肾内科,武汉 430030
2湖北中医药大学针灸骨伤学院,武汉 430061
目的 探讨巨噬细胞活化因子白细胞介素-34(IL-34)和集落刺激因子-1(CSF-1)在狼疮肾炎小鼠肾脏的表达及意义。方法 以自发性狼疮肾炎小鼠MRL-Faslpr和TgZ-MRL-Faslpr小鼠为模型,于6周、3月、5月末处死动物,检测尿蛋白和血肌酐的变化;PAS染色观察肾脏病理改变;实时定量PCR和ELISA法检测肾组织IL-34和CSF-1的表达;免疫组化和免疫荧光法检测肾组织F4/80+巨噬细胞数量、雪莲花凝集素(LTL)和双花扁豆凝集素(DBA)的分布;原位杂交检测肾脏IL-34的分布;X-gal染色检测肾组织CSF-1的分布。结果 ①随着鼠龄增加MRL-Faslpr小鼠肾脏IL-34和CSF-1mRNA和蛋白表达均显著增加(均P<0.01),增加的IL-34和CSF-1主要分布在皮髓交界处的肾小管中,部分分布于皮质肾小管。②肾脏IL-34和CSF-1表达增加与肾脏病理分级和肾间质巨噬细胞浸润呈量效关系。③尿蛋白定量与肾脏IL-34的表达密切相关。相关分析显示,尿IL-34含量与尿白蛋白排泌呈正相关(r=0.915 4,P<0.01),明显优于CSF-1(r=0.150 6,P=0.07)。结论 与CSF-1相比,肾脏IL-34的表达和分泌与尿蛋白定量密切相关,尿IL-34含量能够反映狼疮肾炎的活动程度。
狼疮肾炎; 蛋白尿; 白细胞介素-34; 集落刺激因子-1
集落刺激因子-1,即CSF-1(colony-stimulating factor-1),又称M-CSF,是一种单核巨噬细胞生长因子,它能调节巨噬细胞的存活、增殖、分化和趋化[1]。肾小管上皮细胞过表达CSF-1、激活炎症性巨噬细胞是狼疮肾炎进行性进展的主要机制[23]。临床研究表明,血液和尿液CSF-1升高是促进狼疮肾炎启动、进展和复发的重要危险因素[4]。然而,近年研究发现,CSF-1并不是CSF-1受体(CSF-1R)的唯一配体,敲除CSF-1不能完全阻断CSF-1R途径诱导的肾脏巨噬细胞活化[5-6]。Lin等[7]通过蛋白质谱扫描发现,CSF-1R还存在另外一个配体,即白细胞介素-34(interleukine-34,IL-34)。IL-34的氨基酸序列、二级结构、受体结合的位点、受体亲和力、受体后信号通路均不同于CSF-1[8-10]。IL-34在狼疮肾炎的表达、分布和功能尚不清楚。本研究以自发性狼疮肾炎小鼠MRL/MpJ-Faslpr小鼠为模型,观察IL-34与CSF-1在狼疮肾炎的表达差异及其与疾病活动的关系。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物
实验所用自发性狼疮肾炎小鼠MRL/MpJFaslpr小鼠(简称MRL-Faslpr小鼠),CSF-1启动子驱动LacZ报告基因的转基因MRL-Faslpr小鼠(简称TgZ-MRL-Faslpr小鼠),C57B6/J小鼠(简称B6小鼠)购于美国Jackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor,ME)。自发性狼疮肾炎小鼠于6周龄开始以Dipstick法监测尿蛋白,每周1次。代谢笼收集6周、3月、5月龄小鼠尿液,测定尿白蛋白/肌酐。
1.2 主要试剂
T7RNA多聚酶、蛋白酶K、地高辛复合物、BM Purple显色底物、碱性磷酸酶(AP)标记的抗地高辛抗体(美国Roche公司),X-gal(美国Sigma公司),FITC标记-雪莲花(Lotus tetragonolobus lectin,LTL)凝集素和FITC标记-双花扁豆(biotinylated dolichos biflorus agglutinin,DBA)凝集素(美国Vector Laboratories公司),蛋白酶抑制剂(美国Sigma公司),美国IL-34和CSF-1ELISA kit(美国R&D Systems公司),Trizol RNA抽提试剂盒、F4/80抗体(美国Invitrogen公司),反转录试剂盒(美国Fermentas公司),实时定量PCR试剂盒(美国Qiagen公司),生物素标记的兔抗大鼠抗体、Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit、DAB显色液和Vectshield封片液(美国Vector Laboratories公司)。
1.3 肾脏病理学检测
肾脏组织石蜡包埋,2μm切片,脱蜡水化后进行PAS染色。对肾脏病理进行半定量分级,0级:正常肾小球,无肾间质浸润;1级:轻度肾间质浸润;2级:中度肾间质浸润,少量管型,轻至中度肾小球增生;3级:重度肾间质浸润,大量管型,重度肾小球增生伴有节段或球性硬化,或新月体形成。
1.4 实时定量PCR检测
肾脏组织匀浆,Trizol抽提RNA,反转录为cDNA。引物序列见表1。PCR反应体系为25μL,扩增条件为:95℃预变性5min;二步法PCR反应95℃10s,55℃30s,35个循环;熔解曲线从60℃至95℃,每0.5℃1s。结束后读取Ct值(样本复孔),通过2-ΔΔCt法计算各指标相对mRNA值。
表1 PCR引物序列Table 1 PCR primer sequences
1.5 ELISA检测
剪碎肾脏,Lysis缓冲液(20mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH7.5,150mmol/L NaCl,1%NP-40,2 mmol/L EDTA,1∶1 000蛋白酶抑制剂)冰上裂解30min,15 000g 4℃离心10min,留取上清。按照ELISA试剂盒说明书检测肾组织和尿液的IL-34和CSF-1。
1.6 IL-34原位杂交
以小鼠肾脏cDNA为模板,利用T7RNA多聚酶和地高辛复合物外转录合成IL-34寡核苷酸原位杂交探针。MRL-Faslpr小鼠肾脏经4%多聚甲醛、30%蔗糖固定后,OCT包埋,20μm切片。蛋白酶K消化10min,地高辛标记的IL-34寡核苷酸杂交探针杂交炉内68℃孵育过夜,洗脱后,AP标记的抗地高辛抗体4℃过夜,BM Purple显色。
1.7 β-半乳糖苷酶显色(X-gal staining)
4%多聚甲醛、30%蔗糖顺序固定TgZ-MRL-Faslpr小鼠肾脏,OCT包埋,16μm切片,1mg/mL X-gal染色液37℃避光孵育24h,Eosin Y衬染,封片、照相。
1.8 免疫荧光和免疫组化检测
OCT包埋肾组织,6μm厚切片,25%乙醇/75%丙酮固定10min,加入大鼠抗小鼠F4/80抗体(1∶300)4℃过夜,继以兔抗大鼠抗体(1∶500)孵育,DAB显色。每张切片随机选取10个连续不重复肾间质视野(×400),计数F4/80阳性细胞数目,按以下标准分类,正常:无巨噬细胞浸润;轻度巨噬细胞浸润:<50细胞/HPF;中度巨噬细胞浸润:50~100细胞/HPF;重度巨噬细胞浸润:>100细胞/HPF。为检测近端和远端肾小管,将原位杂交肾组织连续切片(6μm厚),分别利用FITC标记-LTL和DBA(1∶1 000)室温孵育切片1h,Vectshield液封片,荧光显微镜观察、照相。
1.9 统计学分析
采用GraphPad Prism Software 5.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料数据以表示,组间比较用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验。两变量间的相关分析采用Pearson相关分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 IL-34和CSF-1在不同鼠龄MRL-Faslpr小鼠肾脏的表达
实时荧光定量PCR(图1A)与ELISA(图1B)结果显示,随着鼠龄增加,IL-34和CSF-1的mRNA和蛋白表达均显著增加(均P<0.01)。由于MRL-Faslpr小鼠于3月龄开始出现自发性狼疮肾炎,该结果提示IL-34和CSF-1的表达与狼疮肾炎活动密切相关。
图1 IL-34和CSF-1在不同鼠龄MRL-Faslpr小鼠肾脏的表达Fig.1 The mRNA and protein expression of IL-34and CSF-1in MRL-Faslpr
2.2 IL-34和CSF-1在MRL-Faslpr自发性狼疮肾炎的分布
由于IL-34和CSF-1抗体不能有效检测二者的分布(二者为分泌性蛋白,抗体难以有效捕捉有效抗原位点),我们采取原位杂交法检测IL-34分布,X-gal染色检测CSF-1分布(图2A),结果显示自发性狼疮肾炎伴有肾小管IL-34和CSF-1分布显著增加,二者主要分布于肾脏髓质,以皮髓交界处为主,肾小球无表达。我们进一步分离了肾脏皮质和髓质,实时荧光定量PCR(图2B)检测表明IL-34和CSF-1主要增加于肾脏髓质,且自发性狼疮肾炎小鼠的IL-34和CSF-1表达明显强于正常小鼠。LTL、DBA荧光染色与IL-34原位杂交连续切片(图2C)证实自发性狼疮肾炎IL-34在近、远端肾小管均有表达。以上结果表明,在自发性狼疮肾炎表达增加的IL-34和CSF-1分布在皮髓交界处的肾小管中,部分分布于近端肾小管。
图2 IL-34和CSF-1在MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎的分布Fig.2 The distribution of IL-34and CSF-1in MRL-Faslpr
2.3 IL-34和CSF-1表达与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎病理表现的关系
由于IL-34和CSF-1为巨噬细胞生存因子,我们以肾间质炎症为主要分级依据,对MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎进行了病理分级,详见1.3。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明肾脏IL-34和CSF-1均随肾脏病理分级增加而表达增加(图3)。随IL-34和CSF-1表达增加,肾间质巨噬细胞浸润加重(图4)。
图3 IL-34和CSF-1表达与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎病理分级的关系Fig.3 The relationship between kidney IL-34and CSF-1expression and the pathological of MRL-Faslpr
图4 IL-34和CSF-1表达与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎巨噬细胞浸润的关系Fig.4 The relationship between kidney IL-34and CSF-1expression and macrophage infiltration in MRL-Faslpr
2.4 IL-34和CSF-1表达/分泌与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎蛋白尿的关系
蛋白尿是反映狼疮肾炎活动度的指标,因此我们进一步分析了肾脏IL-34和CSF-1表达、尿液IL-34和CSF-1含量与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎蛋白尿的关系。结果发现尿蛋白定量与肾脏IL-34的表达密切相关,肾脏IL-34表达越高,尿蛋白越多,而CSF-1表达与蛋白尿定量的关联度较弱(图5)。收集MRL-Faslpr小鼠24h尿量,ELISA检测尿IL-34和CSF-1浓度,并将其与尿白蛋白/肌酐比值进行相关分析,发现尿IL-34含量与尿白蛋白浓度的相关性(P<0.01)优于CSF-1(P=0.07),以上提示尿IL-34含量能够较好反映狼疮肾炎的活动(图6)。
图5 肾脏IL-34和CSF-1表达与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎蛋白尿的关系Fig.5 The relationship between kidney IL-34and CSF-1expression and proteinuria
3 讨论
Bethunaickan等[11]利用Affymetrix表达谱芯片检测3种自发性狼疮肾炎小鼠,均发现肾脏IL-34 mRNA的表达上调,但是IL-34在狼疮肾炎的分布和功能尚不明确。本研究发现,与CSF-1相似,IL-34的mRNA和蛋白表达在狼疮肾炎中显著增加,上调的IL-34主要分布于皮髓交界处的肾小管中,皮质肾小管也有分布。IL-34的表达高低反映狼疮病理和肾间质单核巨噬细胞浸润的严重程度。与CSF-1相比,肾脏IL-34的表达和分泌与尿蛋白定量关系更加密切,尿IL-34含量能够反映狼疮肾炎的活动度。
图6 尿IL-34和CSF-1含量与MRL-Faslpr小鼠自发性狼疮肾炎蛋白尿的相关性分析Fig.6 The relationship between urine IL-34and CSF-1excretion and proteinuria
IL-34是近年发现的一种CSF-1R的新配体[7],是一种糖基化分泌蛋白,在进化学上较CSF-1保守[5]。IL-34和CSF-1亚基均含有αA、αB、αC和αD结构,形成4螺旋折叠,但是CSF-1亚基二聚体以二硫键链接,而IL-34以共价键结合。二者与CSF-1R的结合位点也不相同,IL-34与受体的结合更加牢固[9]。
IL-34在组织器官的分布有一定的选择性,它特异性表达于神经元和皮肤角质细胞,调控大脑和皮肤巨噬细胞的成熟和分化[12]。皮肤组织分泌的IL-34不影响炎症状态下巨噬细胞的浸润,但对炎症消散后皮肤Langerhans细胞数量和功能的维持非常重要[13]。多种自身免疫性疾病的病变组织如类风湿关节炎的滑膜、干燥综合征的唾液腺常有IL-34的过表达,并伴有血清IL-34水平的升高[1415]。在脾脏,IL-34可以诱导滤泡树突细胞相关性单核细胞成熟,进而促进B细胞增殖[16]。正常肾脏仅有少量IL-34表达于肾小管上皮细胞[13],本研究发现随着狼疮肾炎的进展,肾小管上皮细胞IL-34的表达显著增加。
IL-34和CSF-1维持外周血单核细胞的存活、成熟和分化的能力相似[7,17],二者均可促进人外周血单核细胞分化成M2型巨噬细胞[17]。但是,二者的受体后信号激活动力学却不尽相同。IL-34对 CSF-1R酪氨酸位点、受体下游粘附斑激酶(FAK)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)的激活明显强于CSF-1,但是信号持续时间却短于CSF-1[18]。IL-34对巨噬细胞功能的影响也不同,IL-34刺激巨噬细胞分泌单核细胞趋化因子(MCP-1)明显少于CSF-1,但是促进细胞膜趋化因子受体(CCR2)和补体3a受体(C3aR1)的表达却强于CSF-1[18-19]。IL-34和CSF-1对巨噬细胞生物学活性和信号途径的不同影响,决定了二者在疾病中的作用差异。因此,尽管本研究发现IL-34和CSF-1在狼疮肾炎的表达和分布相似,但是二者与蛋白尿的相关性却不尽相同。相对于CSF-1,检测尿IL-34含量更能反映狼疮肾炎的活动度。
IL-34在狼疮肾炎中究竟是通过肾小球还是肾小管本身影响蛋白尿的滤过或重吸收,还需要进一步研究。阐述IL-34和CSF-1在狼疮肾炎的表达分布,及其与狼疮肾炎的关系,将有利于发现新的狼疮肾炎标记物,了解巨噬细胞功能对狼疮肾炎的影响,将为未来监测和治疗狼疮肾炎提供新策略。
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(2014-10-13 收稿)
Expressions of IL-34 and CSF-1 in the Kidney of Mice with Spontaneous Lupus Nephritis
Liao Wenhui1,Du Yanjun2,Zeng Rui3△
1 Department of Geriatrics,3Department of Nephrology,Tongji Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430030,China
2Department of Acupuncture and Moxibition,Hubei University of Chinese Medicine,Wuhan 430061,China
ObjectiveTo investigate the expressions of interleukine-34(IL-34)and colony-stimulating factor-1(CSF-1)in the kidney of mice with spontaneous lupus nephritis and its significance.Methods MRL-Faslprand/or TgZ-MRL-Faslprmice were used to develop spontaneous lupus nephritis.Mice were sacrificed at age of 6weeks,3months and 6months.Blood and urine samples were taken for detection of serum creatinine levels and urinary protein excretion,respectively.PAS staining was used to assess renal histological changes.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the number of F4/80+macrophage.Lotus tetragonolobus lectin(LTL)and dolichos bifows agglutinin(DBA)were detected by immunofluorescense.Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-34and CSF-1.The distributions of IL-34and CSF-1in the kidney were detected by in situ hybridization and X-gal staining,separately.Results ①The mRNA and protein levels of IL-34and CSF-1were increased in the kidney of MRL-Faslprmice with the age of the mice increasing(P<0.01).The increased IL-34and CSF-1were mainly distributed in the renal tubules in the cortico-medullary junction and some in the cortical renal tubules.②The increased levels of IL-34and CSF-1were associated with the pathological grades of lupus nephritis and the infiltration of macrophages in the renal interstitium.③Proteinuria was closely correlated with the expression of IL-34(r=0.915 4,P<0.01).Correlation analysis showed that urine IL-34contents were positively associated with the excretion of urine albumin whereas CSF-1was weakly correlated with proteinuria(r=0.150 6,P=0.07).Conclusion Compared with CSF-1,renal and urine IL-34was closely correlated with proteinuria.Urinary levels of IL-34could reflect the severity of lupus nephritis.
spontaneous lupus nephritis; proteinuria; interleukine-34; colony-stimulating factor-1
R593.242
10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2015.02.001
*国家自然科学基金资助项目(No.81270771)
廖文慧,女,1977年生,主治医师,医学硕士,E-mail:liaowh163@163.com
△通讯作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:zengrui@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn