定语从句的状语功能与译法
2015-05-29韩洁
韩洁
【摘 要】定语从句应用广、含义多,一直是英语语法教学的重要组成部分,在教学中既是重点也是难点所在,也往往是高职学生很难把握的一个语法知识点。本文分析描述了定语从句在不同语境下的的状语功能和译法,帮助学生学习和掌握状语化定语从句。
【关键词】定语从句;状语功能;译法
一、引言
定语从句是高中语法教学的重要组成部分,也是高职英语教学的重要组成部分,这在历年来的成考英语中都有体现。定语从句的教学既是重点也是难点所在,但是职业院校学生英语基础差,语法知识薄弱,往往在定语从句的语法学习中很难把握,笔者从定语从句的状语功能与译法入手,以期能加深职业院校学生对定语从句的理解。
所谓定语从句,就是用作定语的从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词或者代词之后,这种名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词叫做关系代词或关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。从语法结构功能上来说,定语从句是修饰名词和代词的从句,是形容词性从句,但是在我们的实际应用过程中又可以发现,在某些方面它又起着副词性从句的作用,这些从句在语法结构上虽然是定语从句的功能,但是在交际功能上却兼具着状语从句的功能,这类型的定语从句在意义上与主句有着一定的逻辑状语关系,意义翻译上可以翻译成原因、时间、条件、结果、目的、让步作用的状语从句,甚至有的语法书上把这些类型的定语从句叫做“状语化定语从句”。
二、功能与译法
(一)定语从句表达时间的功能与译法
1.Mary, who was waiting her boyfriend at the front door of the shopping mall, saw all the happenings of that accident.
Mary在商场门口等她的男朋友时,目击了那次事故的全过程。
2.My grandfather had the honour of shaking hands with Mr Deng Xiaoping, who visited Shenzhen in 1992.
1992年邓小平视察深圳时,我爷爷荣幸地与他握了手。
像这种表达时间功能的定语从句,其语义功能与when, while引导的时间状语从句不尽相同,我们在翻译的时候可以加上汉语表示时间顺序关系的词语。在上面的例句中:
who was waiting = when she was waiting
who visited = when he visited
(二)定语从句表达原因的功能与译法
1.I will pardon him who is honest.
我愿意宽恕他,因为他是诚实的。
2.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.
我们打算把野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能转好。
3.Tom, who broke the campus regulations many times at school, is said to be expelled from school.
Tom违反校规多次,据说要被学校开除。
像这类表达原因功能的定语从句,从句与主句之间所表达的是原因上的逻辑关系,在翻译时可用because, since, as等来改写,翻译时可以加上这些连词的中文意思。不论是限定性还是非限定性定语从句,都可译出原因。如上面所示例句:
who is honest = because he is honest
when the weather may be better. = because the weather may be better
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who broke the campus regulations many times at school = because he broke the campus regulations many times at school
(三)定语从句表达目的的功能与译法
1、Many people prefer to do some sports after work, such as basketball and tennis, which they can relax themselves and enjoy with others.
许多人喜欢在下班后从事体育运动,比如打篮球和网球,这样他们能得到放松并且和他人一起享受这些活动。
2.The white whales were given some small fishes by the trainers who wanted these cute animals to perform better in the show.
驯兽师们为了让这些白鲸在表演中表现的更加好,给了他们一些小鱼吃。
在定语从句表达目的意义功能的句子译法上,这些从句在语义上与so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句相近。在翻译这种类型的定语从句时可以加上表示目的关系的词语,比如为了、以便等。如以上例句中:
which they can relax themselves and enjoy with others = in order that they can relax themselves and enjoy with others.
who wanted these cute animals to perform better in the show = so that these cute animals can perform better in the show.
(四)定语从句表达程度或结果的功能与译法
1.Many areas along The Yangtze River in China were hit by an unprecedented flood in 1998, which caused severe losses there.
中国长江沿岸许多地区在1998年遭受了一场前所未有的干旱,结果给那些地区造成了巨大损失。
2.There are something original, independent about the advertisement that pleased all the audience.
这个广告富有创意别出心裁,所以观众都很喜欢。
像此类表达程度或结果功能的定语从句,在翻译时可以加上汉语表示结果关系的词语,比如结果、所以等。如以上例句中:
which caused severe losses there(结果给那些地区造成了巨大损失)
that pleased all the audience.(所以观众都很喜欢)
(五)定语从句表达条件从句的功能与译法
1.Those who are in favor please hold up your hands.
如果赞成,就请你举手。
2.A person who does not do his duty will not succeed in his life.
要是当一个人不能尽其职责,他在生活中是不会取得成功的。
此类在功能上表达条件从句的定语从句虽然在句子结构上用来修饰主句的主语、宾语或者表语,但是在逻辑上却是用来说明主句中动作或状态发生的条件。这种表达条件从句的定语从句既可以表示真实条件也可以表示假设或推测,翻译的方法根据其所表达条件的不同而不同。如果是表达真实条件的,在翻译时可加上汉语的如果、只要等词语。如果表达的是一种假设或者推测,定语从句往往要用虚拟语气来表达,翻译时可加上汉语的假如、要是等词语。如上面所示例句:
Who = if you (表达是一种真实条件,翻译时加上‘如果)
Who = if a person does not do his duty ( 表达的是一种假设,翻译时可加上‘要是)
(六)定语从句表达让步从句的功能与译法
1、Andy insisted on buying another new car, which he had no use for at present.
Andy坚持要再买一辆新车,尽管他目前并无此需要。
2.Robots, which have many advantages, cannot take the place of human beings.
尽管机器人有很多优点,但他们不能代替人类。
诸如此类表达让步意义功能的定语从句,在语义上与though, although引导的让步状语从句大致上相同,在翻译的时候可加上如虽然、尽管等表示让步关系的词语。如以上例句中:
which he had no use for at present = though he had no use for at present
which have many advantages = though they have many advantages
(七)定语从句表达对照的功能与译法
1.Mary, who did a great job in the middle exam, did so badly in the final exam.
Mary期中考试成绩良好,但是期末考试却考得很糟糕。
2.The Sky, which was bright in the morning, was dark and threatening in the afternoon.
天空早上还是阳光明媚,然而到了下午却乌云密布了。
此类表达对照意义功能的定语从句,意义上具有转折的含义,在翻译的时候可以加上汉语表示转折的词语,如但是、然而等。如以上例句中:
did so badly in the final exam = (‘但是期末考试却考得很糟糕)
was dark and threatening in the afternoon = (‘然而到了下午却乌云密布了)
三、结语
综上所述,我们可以看出定语从句不单是可以用来修饰名词或者代词的形容词性从句,在不同的情况下定语从句有着不同的内涵,在逻辑意义上可起着主句的原因、时间、条件、结果、目的、让步等作用。因此,对于这样一个有着丰富语言表达形式的状语化定语从句应当在教学中给以足够的重视。只有在教学过程中教师充分分析句子结构内部的含义,学生才能在学习过程中完整、正确地理解此类型定语从句所表达的意思,才能更好地掌握定语从句。
【参考文献】
[1]刘重德.文学翻译十讲[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1991
[2]张迪.英语语法疑点与难点手册[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2003:364-365
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[4]张敏.浅议英语定语从句的状译法[J].校园英语(教研版)2011(08)
(作者单位:广东省高级技工学校)