90例胃肠间质瘤的外科诊治分析
2015-03-21薛勇敢张秉栋刘洪一贾宝庆
薛勇敢,张秉栋,李 鹏,刘洪一,贾宝庆
1解放军医学院,北京 100853;2解放军总医院 肿瘤外科,北京 100853
临床研究论著
90例胃肠间质瘤的外科诊治分析
薛勇敢1,张秉栋1,李 鹏2,刘洪一2,贾宝庆2
1解放军医学院,北京 100853;2解放军总医院 肿瘤外科,北京 100853
目的探讨胃肠间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor,GIST)的临床特点、诊疗方法和预后,进一步提升对此类疾病的认识。方法回顾分析解放军总医院肿瘤外科2009年9月-2014年9月收治的90例GIST患者的完整临床和病理资料。结果最常见的临床表现为腹部胀痛不适、纳差占41.1%(37/90),其次为消化道出血占20.0%(18/90),腹部包块占4.4%(4/90),肠梗阻症状占3.3%(3/90),28例无明显症状占31.1%,为检查时偶然发现。术前诊断主要依靠胃肠镜、超声内镜、CT、MRI等影像学检查。90例均接受手术治疗。免疫组化CD117阳性率90.0%(81/90),CD34阳性率91.1%(82/90),S-100阳性率11.1%(10/90),SMA阳性率33.3%(30/90)。中位随访时间27.4(1 ~ 60)个月,8例复发或转移,3例再次手术,2例因肿瘤进展死亡。单因素分析显示,肿瘤大小(P=0.019)及核分裂数目(P=0.002)是影响预后的因素。结论GIST的临床表现无特异性,胃肠镜、超声内镜、CT、MRI等检查有助于该病术前诊断。确诊主要依靠病理学及免疫组化,外科手术是GIST的首选治疗方式。
胃肠道间质瘤;外科手术;病理学
胃肠间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors,GIST)是消化道最常见的间叶组织肿瘤,起源于胃肠道Cajal间质细胞[1-2]。GIST易被误诊为平滑肌或神经源性肿瘤。但GIST与平滑肌或神经源性肿瘤在发病机制、生物学行为、病理特征、治疗方法及预后方面均有很大不同[3-4]。本研究通过回顾分析90例GIST患者的临床和病理资料,探讨GIST临床特点、诊疗方法和预后,旨在为进一步提升此类疾病的诊治水平、改善预后提供帮助。
资料和方法
1 临床资料 收集本院肿瘤外科2009年9月-2014年9月收治且病理确诊为GIST的有完整临床和病理资料患者90例,男48例(53.3%),女42例(46.7%);年龄21 ~ 84岁,平均年龄59.1岁。间质瘤位于胃69例(76.7%),小肠16例(17.8%),结直肠5例(5.6%)。
2 方法 回顾性分析90例GIST患者的病历资料,探讨GIST临床表现、影像学检查、病理、免疫组化结果及手术治疗方式。
3 随访 本组90例采用门诊随诊及电话随访,末次随访时间为2014年10月31日。主要观察患者的复发、转移和死亡情况。共有86例获得随访,失访4例,随访率95.6%。
4 统计学方法 应用SPSS19.0统计软件对本组资料进行分析。对可能影响预后的因素采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析和Log-rank时序检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结 果
1 临床表现 腹部胀痛不适、纳差37例(41.1%),消化道出血18例(20.0%),腹部包块4例(4.4%),肠梗阻症状3例(3.3%),无症状查体或合并其他疾病检查时偶然发现28例(31.1%)。
2 术前影像学检查 54例胃肠镜检查考虑为GIST,其中18例超声内镜检查考虑为GIST。25例CT检查考虑为GIST。6例MRI检查考虑为GIST。4例腹部彩超考虑为GIST。1例上消化道造影考虑为GIST。8例胃肠镜检查取病理考虑为GIST,术前依靠影像学诊断符合共38例(42.2%),其余患者诊断为胃息肉、腹腔转移瘤、平滑肌瘤及神经源性肿瘤等。
3 手术治疗 本组90例均行手术切除治疗,切缘均为阴性,无手术死亡及术后严重并发症。69例胃间质瘤中40例行腹腔镜下胃楔形切除,其中腹腔镜胃镜双镜联合切除3例,联合胆囊切除2例;6例行腹腔镜辅助近端胃大部切除术,其中联合胆囊切除1例;1例行腹腔镜辅助远端胃大部切除术;2例行腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术;20例行开腹胃肿瘤切除术。16例小肠间质瘤中,14例行开腹小肠肿瘤切除术;2例行腹腔镜下小肠肿瘤切除术,其中联合胆囊切除1例。5例结直肠间质瘤中,1例行乙状结肠肿瘤切除术,1例经腹会阴联合直肠切除术,1例经腹直肠前切除术,2例经肛门肿物切除术。
4 病理诊断 术后标本行病理检查和免疫组化均证实为GIST。大体形态:肿块呈圆形、类圆形、结节状或分叶状,质韧,切面灰白或灰红色,中心可伴有出血、坏死、囊性变。良性者多有完整包膜,边界清楚,恶性者可侵及黏膜、肌层或周围组织,边界欠清。肿瘤组织由梭形细胞、上皮样细胞构成或二者兼有,呈长条束状排列、交织样排列或旋涡状排列。梭形细胞形态较一致, 呈长梭形,细胞质丰富,嗜酸性,细胞核呈杆状或长梭形。上皮样细胞体积较大,呈卵圆形或多角形,细胞质空亮或微嗜酸性,细胞核的多形性与核分裂数呈正比(图1,图2)。本组病例肿瘤最大径0.6 ~ 16.0 cm,平均直径6.2 cm,其中直径≤2 cm 6例,2.1 ~ 5.0 cm 39例,5.1 ~ 10.0 cm 31例,>10 cm 14例。核分裂计数≤5个/50 HPF 66例,6 ~ 10个/50 HPF 8例,>10个/50 HPF 16例。免疫组织化学特征:CD117阳性者81例(90.0%),CD34阳性者82例(91.1%),S-100阳性者10例(11.1%),SMA阳性表达30例(33.3%)(图3,图4,图5,图6)。CD117、CD34、S-100、SMA表达情况与肿瘤部位关系见表1。
表1 不同部位 GIST 与免疫组化的关系Tab. 1 Relationship between tumor site and immunohistochemical results (n, %)
表2 影响预后的单因素分析Tab. 2 Univariate analysis of prognosis (n,%)
图 1 肿瘤组织由梭形细胞和上皮样细胞构成,呈交织样或旋涡状排列(HE, ×200)图 2 肿瘤细胞核分裂象数目较多 (HE,×400)图 3 免疫组化显示 CD117 染色阳性 (Envision×200)图 4 免疫组化显示 CD34 染色阳性 (Envision×200)图 5 免疫组化显示 S-100 染色灶状阳性 (Envision×200)图 6 免疫组化显示 SMA 染色阳性 (Envision×200)Fig. 1 Tumor composing of spindle cells and epithelioid cells (HE,×200)Fig. 2 Tumor cells exhibit high mitotic rate (HE,×400)Fig. 3 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of CD117 (Envision×200)Fig. 4 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of CD34 (Envision×200)Fig. 5 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of S-100 (Envision×200)Fig. 6 Immunohistochemical results showing the positive expression of SMA (Envision×200)
5 随访 本组随访1 ~ 60个月,平均随访27.4个月,随访期内单纯局部复发3例,局部复发合并腹腔转移2例,单纯肝转移2例,肝、肺同时转移1例。再次手术3例,因肿瘤进展死亡2例。
6 单因素分析显示 肿瘤直径>5 cm,核分裂象数目>5个/50 HPF的患者复发危险性较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、CD34、CD117对预后影响不大,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
讨 论
GIST在世界范围内的每年发病率为1 ~ 20/100 000,主要发生于50岁以上的中老年人,男性与女性患病比例无明显差异[5-6]。本组病例中男性48例,女性42例,男性稍多于女性;年龄21 ~84岁,中位年龄59.1岁,与文献报道大致相同。GIST可发生在消化道的任何部位,以胃部最常见,占60% ~ 70%,其次为小肠,占20% ~ 30%,结肠和直肠约占5%,食管<5%[7]。GIST还可发生于消化道以外部位如肠系膜和大网膜等[8]。本组资料仍以胃为高发部位76.7%(69/90),其次是小肠17.8%(16/90),最少见为结直肠5.6%(5/90)。
GIST的临床症状无特异性,主要与肿瘤的部位、大小有关。患者多表现为腹部胀痛不适、消化不良等非特异症状,其次以消化道出血、贫血为首发症状。肿瘤较大者可触及的腹部肿块。部分患者因出现肠梗阻而急症就诊。约20%患者查体时发现。20% ~ 30%患者首诊时已发生转移,最常转移至肝和腹膜,而淋巴结及腹部以外脏器转移少见。本组符合以上特征。
GIST的初步诊断主要依靠腹部彩超、胃肠镜、EUS、CT、MRI等。GIST在彩超下常显示低回声团块,难以与其他疾病鉴别,定性困难。胃肠镜可见伴有光滑、完整及正常黏膜覆盖的隆起性病灶,顶端可有溃疡;超声内镜能显示肿瘤形态、大小及起源层次;由于肿瘤多位于黏膜下且通常不破坏消化道黏膜,活检检出率低。本组患者行胃肠镜检出54例(60.0%),其中超声内镜检出18例(20.0%),8例经胃肠镜检查取病理考虑为GIST。CT、MRI能显示肿瘤的大小、部位、生长方式、肿瘤与周围脏器的关系、是否发生淋巴结和远处转移等情况,本组患者行CT检出25例(27.8%),MRI检出6例(6.7%)。
GIST的确诊和分型主要依靠术后的病理组织学检查和免疫组化分析[9]。CD117是一种酪氨酸激酶跨膜受体蛋白,是目前被公认为最具特征性的GIST免疫表型标记,在GIST中呈现出特异性弥漫性高表达,阳性表达率为80% ~ 100%,而在平滑肌肿瘤及神经鞘瘤中不表达,对GIST的诊断具有良好的敏感性和特异性。CD34是一种骨髓前体细胞标记物,单独使用时其敏感性不高,常与CD117进行联合鉴别,而CD34在平滑肌瘤和神经鞘瘤中也不表达。S-100为神经源性免疫标记,在GIST表达率很低,而SMA为肌源性免疫标记,在胃肠间质瘤中可有部分阳性表达。本组研究结果表明,在90例GIST患者中,CD117阳性率为90.0%,CD34阳性率为91.1%,S-100阳性率为11.1%,SMA阳性率为33.3%。
GIST对放疗、化疗均不敏感,手术完整切除是唯一有治愈可能的治疗手段。GIST很少浸润周围组织器官及发生淋巴结转移,无须常规行扩大切除和系统淋巴结清扫[10-11]。随着微创技术的发展,腹腔镜外科逐渐应用于GIST的治疗[12-14]。对于体积较小或特殊部位的GIST,腹腔镜与胃镜双镜联合能发挥独特的优势[15-18]。术中关键是保证肿瘤完全切除,避免瘤体破裂、腹膜种植和血行转移,这也是影响GIST预后的重要因素[19]。本组90例均行手术完整切除肿瘤,其中69例胃间质瘤中,49例行腹腔镜手术,20例行开腹手术;16例小肠间质瘤中,2例行腹腔镜手术,14例行开腹手术;5例结直肠间质瘤均在直视下手术。无手术死亡及术后严重并发症。本组研究表明,外科手术仍是治疗GIST首选方法,腹腔镜外科逐渐成为GIST主要治疗手段,尤其是在胃间质瘤的治疗方面。
肿瘤大小和核分裂象是预测GIST预后的独立危险因素[20-21]。肿瘤越大,预后越差;核分裂象计数越多,提示肿瘤细胞的增殖活性越大,恶性程度也越高,预后也越差。本组8例出现复发或转移患者中,肿瘤直径>10 cm同时核分裂象>5/50 HPF的患者共6例。说明临床上肿瘤大小和核分裂象预测GIST的预后合理、可行。
1 Corless CL, Barnett CM, Heinrich MC. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: origin and molecular oncology[J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2011, 11(12): 865-878.
2 Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A consensus approach[J]. Hum Pathol, 2002, 33(5): 459-465.
3 Appelman HD. Mesenchymal tumors of the gut: historical perspectives, new approaches, new results, and does it make any difference?[J]. Monogr Pathol, 1990, (31):220-246.
4 Kitamura Y. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: past, present, and future[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2008, 43(7): 499-508.
5 Nilsson B, Bumming P, Meis-Kindblom JM, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: The incidence, prevalence, clinical course, and prognostication in the preimatinib mesylate era - A population-based study in western Sweden[J]. Cancer, 2005, 103(4): 821-829.
6 Goettsch WG, Bos SD, Breekveldt-Postma N, et al. Incidence of gastrointestinal stromal tumours is underestimated: Results of a nation-wide study[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2005, 41(18): 2868-2872.
7 Miettinen M, Lasota J. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors--definition,clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis[J]. Virchows Arch, 2001, 438(1): 1-12.
8 Llenas-Garcia J, Guerra-Vales JM, Moreno A, et al. Primary extragastrointestinal stromal tumors in the omentum and mesentery:A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2008, 55(84): 1002-1005.
9 Dei Tos AP, Laurino L, Bearzi I, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: the histology report[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2011, 43(S4):S304-S309.
10 Gold JS, Gönen M, Gutiérrez A, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for recurrence-free survival after complete surgical resection of localised primary gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a retrospective analysis[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10(11):1045-1052.
11 Woodall IC, Brock GN, Fan J, et al. An evaluation of 2537 gastrointestinal stromal tumors for a proposed clinical staging system[J]. Arch Surg, 2009, 144(7): 670-678.
12 Matlok M, Stanek M, Pedziwiatr M, et al. Laparoscopic Surgery In The Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors[J]. http://sjs. sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=25452425.
13 Lin J, Huang C, Zheng C, et al. Laparoscopic versus open gastric resection for larger than 5 cm primary gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a size-matched comparison[J]. Surg Endosc,2014, 28(9):2577-2583.
14 Masoni L, Gentili I, Maglio R, et al. Laparoscopic resection of large gastric GISTs: feasibility and long-term results[J]. Surg Endosc,2014, 28(10):2905-2910.
15 Hiki N, Nunobe S, Matsuda T, et al. Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery[J]. Dig Endosc, 2015, 27(2):197-204.
16 Kang WM, Yu JC, Ma ZQ, et al. Laparoscopic-endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric submucosal tumors[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(34):5720-5726.
17 Dong HY, Wang YL, Li J, et al. New-style laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric stromal tumors[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19(16):2550-2554.
18 Shen C, Chen H, Yin Y, et al. Endoscopic versus open resection for small gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: safety and outcomes[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015, 94(1):e376.
19 Chen K, Zhou YC, Mou YP, et al. Systematic review and metaanalysis of safety and efficacy of laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach[J]. Surg Endosc,2015, 29(2):355-367.
20 Dematteo RP, Gold JS, Saran L, et al. Tumor mitotic rate, size, and location independently predict recurrence after resection of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)[J]. Cancer, 2008, 112(3):608-615.
21 Zhao WY, Xu J, Wang M, et al. Evaluation of high-risk clinicopathological indicators in gastrointestinal stromal tumors for prognosis and imatinib treatment outcome[J]. BMC Gastroenterol,2014, 14: 105.
Surgical diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: An Analysis of 90 cases
XUE Yonggan1, ZHANG Bingdong1, LI Peng2, LIU Hongyi2, JIA Baoqing2
1Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China;2Department of Surgical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
JIA Baoqing. Email: baoqingjia@126.com
ObjectiveTo identify clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and improve the level on standardized diagnosis and treatment of this disease.MethodsClinical and pathological data about 90 patients with GIST in the department of surgical oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital from September 2009 to September 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe most common primary symptom was abdominal discomfort accounting for 41.1% (37/90), followed by gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage for 20.0% (18/90), abdominal mass for 4.4% (4/90), intestinal obstruction for 3.3% (3/90), 28 cases with no symptoms accounting for 31.1%. The preoperative imageological examinations comprised endoscope, endoscopic ultrasonography, CT, MRI. 90 patients received complete surgical resection. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that tumor cells were positive for CD117 in 81 cases (90.0%) , for CD34 in 82 cases (91.1%), for S-100 in 10 cases (11.1%) and for SMA in 30 cases (33.3%). During a mean follow-up period of 27.4 (range, 1-60) months, 8 patients experienced relapse and metastasis, 3 patients underwent re-operation. Two patients died of tumor progression. Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size (P=0.019) and mitotic rate (P=0.002) were factors affecting prognosis.ConclusionGIST shows typical clinical features. Endoscopy, ultrasound endoscope, CT and MRI examination are helpful for preoperative diagnosis of this disease. The confirmation of GIST also require histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry. Surgery treatment is the first choice for GIST.
gastrointestinal stromal tumor; surgical procedure; pathology
R 730.4
A
2095-5227(2015)06-0525-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.001
时间:2015-03-16 11:12
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150316.1112.001.html
2015-01-04
国家“863”计划项目(2013YQ030651)
Supported by “863” Program of China(2013YQ030651)
薛勇敢,男,在读硕士。研究方向:胃肠肿瘤的外科治疗。Email: 892407021@qq.com
贾宝庆,男,主任医师,硕士生导师。Email: baoqingjia @126.com