深挖文本其乐无穷
——以一节初中英语阅读公开课为例
2015-02-13金星
金星
深挖文本其乐无穷
——以一节初中英语阅读公开课为例
金星
结合一节阅读公开课进行反思,分析教师的教学过程,总结出教师基于对教材的深度解析教师,以独特的视角挖掘教材、解读文本,在课堂设置上层层递进,在思想上与学生有深度的交流与碰撞,开辟了阅读新模式。在阅读的同时,教师提纲挈领,搭建写作支架,实现了基于阅读文本进行写作的输出。
深挖文本;阅读;写作支架;以读促写
引言
美国教育学家舒伯特指出,教科书中的阅读课文是写作素材的聚集地、语言现象的展示厅、语法规则的剖析室和文章体裁的示范本(朱惠芳2007)。但大部分教师对教材的理解还不够深刻,平时的教学缺乏深层思考和精心设计,阅读教学还停留在读课文、讲语法、重翻译等形式上,致使阅读教学形式单一。长此以往,不利于学生综合语言运用能力的提高。
笔者在参加由浙江外国语学院高歌教授主讲的浙江省杭州市余杭区八年级(上)英语阅读文本解读培训中,认真听了楼翎老师执教的人教版新目标英语八上Unit3 Iam more outgoing thanmy sister Section B 2b公开课的全部内容,听完这节公开课后,笔者叹服授课教师对课本的深度解读:一方面,虽然是一篇很简单的文本,但是授课教师却不只做简单的处理,而是通过仔细设置问题来引导学生理解文本,通过运用三种不同的阅读方式,对文本进行合理分层并深度解析;另一方面,短短一堂课时间,教师提纲挈领,搭建了写作支架,以读促写,降低了写作难度,这一点值得研究与借鉴。
一、案例分析
(一)教学内容
新目标英语八上Unit3 Section B 2b,包括三篇表达交友观的短文。
(二)教学背景
学生在教材Section A部分通过听说活动的训练,已经掌握了形容词比较级的用法。这三篇短文都是陈述观点类的文章,开头的主题句和结尾的总结句使用了不同的表达方式,显然教材意向通过含有比较级句子的文章来向学生呈现三种不同陈述观点的方式。
(三)教学目标
学生能够熟练运用比较级,在分析人物性格特征、交友方式和掌握文章结构的基础上,学会搭建写作支架表达自己的观点,以读促写,提升自己的阅读能力和写作能力。
(四)教学过程
阅读前——激活学生思维,导入话题。
阅读中——巧析人物关系,以读促写。
阅读后——深挖话题内涵,升华情感。
二、教学过程解析与感悟
Step 1:深挖文本,乐在思维
阅读前——激活学生思维,导入话题
1.执教教师想让学生成为smart reader,让学生Talk,read,and think with him。教师首先和学生分享了自己小时候读过的一本书The Potato Pals:Good Friends,并展示该书对朋友的定义:
(1)Good Friends talk to each other.
(2)Good Friends listen to each other.
(3)Good Friendsplay together.
(4)Good Friends lend things.
(5)Good Friendsshare things.
(6)Good Friendshelp each other.
(7)Good Friendsgive presents.
(8)Good Friendscare.
(9)Friendship isaboutsharing and giving.
2.根据耶鲁大学心理学教授PaulBloom对朋友的定义,引入本课主题——Differentpeople think differently about friends.
(1)Distance:The closer you are to someone,the more likely youw illbecome friends.
(2)Similarity:Themore similar you are to someone,themore likely youw illbecome friends.
(3)Familiarity:Themore familiar you arewith someone,themore likely youw illbecome friends.
【听课后感悟】教师能够根据阅读文本的内容、学生的年龄特点及其学习水平,用很简单却很准确的故事引入主题。再加上专家的理论依据(三个句子都含有比较级),简单明了地让学生既能够理解本课的重点语法、中心话题,能达到知识的扩展与升华。
Step 2:深挖文本,乐在行为
阅读中——巧析人物关系,以读促写
本阅读有三段小文章,教师分别用Iteach you how to read(精读),Iguide you how to read(拉结构模式读)和let Ss read by themselves(快读)这三种模式来进行解读。
1.第一篇文章
(1)教师先呈现整篇文章
JeffGreen
Mymother toldme a good friend is like amirror. I’m quieter andmore serious thanmost kids.That’s why I like reading books and Istudy harder in class. My best friend Yuan Li is quiet too,so we enjoy studying together.I’m shy so it’s noteasy forme to make friends.But Ithink friendsare like books—you don’tneed a lotof them as long as they’regood.
(2)把文章段落拆分成句子,逐句分析。
(3)教师把每一句话中的核心词汇在幻灯片中提炼出来,和学生一起仔细分析、对比,从而理解文章中人物的性格特点和交友方式。
如,第一句:Mymother toldme a good friend is like am irror.中Mymother toldme,教师可以和学生一起分析:通过这句话,Guesswhatkind of person Jeff is,引导学生回答出Jeff listens to hismother。第二个关键词“m irror”,M irrormeans it is the same,教师和学生一起分析出Jeff likes the friend who is the sameashim。
第二句:I’m quieter andmore serious thanmost kids.(What Jeff is like,He isvery quiet,and serious.)
第三句:That’swhy I like reading books and I study harder in class.(He loves reading and studying.)
第四句:My best friend Yuan Li is quiet too,(Whathis friend is like)sowe enjoy studying together.(Why this isgood)
第五句:I’m so shy it’snoteasy forme tomake friends.(Jeff isshy,doesn’thavemany friends)
第六句:But Ithink friendsare like books—you don’tneed a lotof them as long as they’re good.(Jeff likes books,so we are sure he likes friends because he thinks friends are like books.he doesn’t have many friends,buthe likesgood friends.)
这样逐句分析下去。直至找到作者的交友观:Jeff listens to hismother,he isquiet,he is serious,he likes good books,he studies very hard,he is choosy,he doesn’t havemany good friends,he likes only a few good friends.
最后,教师大胆总结:However,Ican’t agree with Jeff.鼓励学生在阅读之后大胆地表达自己的观点。这种逆向思维方式就是在引领学生逐渐地养成Thinking outside the box的思维方式,发展学生的个性思维,让他们大胆地表达自己的观点。这往往就是英语教师在课堂上所忽视的对文本的深度解读和利用,以及对学生思维方式的培养。
(4)通过这样逐层分析,让学生在感悟文本中作者观点的同时,能够根据主题句、关键词和结束语来总结写作支架——A Rule of Thumb:When someone isexpressing his/heropinion(表达观点),his/ heropinion isusuallymadeup of two kindsof sentences:
(1)A Topic Sentence(Opinion).
(2)Supporting Sentences(Body).
2.第二篇文章
教师带领学生采用拉结构模式读,通过归纳和演绎的双重手段,得出段落的基本结构。同样是全文呈现,再把文章拆分成句子让学生找出文章中的topic sentences和每一句话中的关键词。教师在此过程中根据学生所指出的关键句(it isnotnecessary to be the same.),让他们在文中找出相对应的支撑点(Can you find the differences?)。总结人物之间的关系(He helpsme to play tennis and Ihelp him to study.)和交友方式(It is good to be different.),最后和学生一起总结写作支架。
(1)A Topic Sentence(Opinion).
(2)Supporting Sentences(Body).
(3)Conclusion.
3.教师通过前两篇文章对学生做了引领,第三篇文章则采用让学生快读(A Skimm ing&Scanning Exercise)的方式,通过提问,引导学生用第二篇中得出的段落结构去独立分析。本段的框架通过回答以下7个问题来检验自己的阅读能力和对写作支架的巩固。
(1)Do you think thatMary’s friend isa girlora boy?How do you know that?
(2)Do you think thatMary’s friend is a funny person ora boring person?How do you know that?
(3)Do you think that Mary’s friend is a nice person ornot?How do you know that?
(4)Do you think thatMary’s friend isa girlora boy?How do you know that?
(5)Do you think that Mary and her friend are very closer friendsornot?How do you know that?
(6)Do you think that Mary cares her friend or not?How do you know that?
(7)What kind of person does Mary have to be friend?Why?
【听课后感悟】
第一,教师以独特的视角深度解读文本,在课前仔细设置问题,在课堂上与学生进行交流,并在思想上与学生有深度的交流和碰撞,开辟阅读新模式,以独特的视角来提高学生对文本的掌控能力,开启以读促写的写作新模式,进而实现基于阅读文本而进行写作输出的能力。
第二,第一篇文章教师的核心提问是:“What do you think about Jeff?”通过对课文进行逐句的分析,得出Jeff的十大信息框架;第二篇文章主要是通过归纳和演绎的双重手段得出段落的基本结构;第三篇通过提问,引导学生用第二篇中得出的段落结构框架去独立分析第三段的框架。
第三,教师分别用精读(I teach you how to read),拉结构式阅读(Iguide you how to read)和快读(let Ss read by themselves)三种不同的阅读方式来引领学生进行阅读。每一段小文章都是通过整体呈现全文分层,再把段落拆分成句子,深度挖掘主题句与句子之间的关系,句子与句子之间的关系,找出关键词在段落中的支撑点,总结人物特点等方式来引导学生进入一种全新的阅读模式——教师是利用课文文本,用英语与学生进行交流,并在思想上与学生有深度的交流和碰撞,既引领学生对文章有所深悟,又帮助学生形成一种新的思维方式。长此以往,学生对文本的掌控能力一定会提高。
第四,读写板块的教学首先要体现教材的编写意图,此板块的教学目标为写,读应定位于为写服务,即以读促写。其次由于写作能力的培养难度最大(李冬梅2005),教师宜设计一些符合学生最近发展区的教学活动,如搭建支架,让教学目标逐步达成(胡晓娟2014)。在本堂课中,教师深挖教材、提纲挈领,和学生一起总结写作支架,开启以读促写的写作新模式,这种以读促写的阅读新模式突破了以往教师传统单调乏味的阅读教学模式,能够让学生在理解整篇文章的基础上,既能掌握文中的重点单词、句型和语法,又能让学生抓住每段文章的主题句、每个句子的关键词,继而总结出写作支架。在提高阅读速度和理解能力的同时,也为写作奠定基础。
Step 3:深挖文本,乐在感悟
阅读后——深挖话题内涵,升华情感
1.教师通过与学生谈论同学之间的友情、交友方式,站在一定的思想高度上,通过13个含有比较级的排比句和非常适合且具有冲击力的图片,挑战当下我们的交友观,引人深思,升华主题。
In most cases,it is easier for us to choose the ones who aremore like us,the ones whose hobbies aremore similar to us,or the ones who are closer,funnier,and nicer(sowe think)asour friends.
But,in this world,there are different kinds of people,the ones that are not like us at all,the oneswhose ways of life are very strange to us,and the oneswho aremore distant,less funny,and notso nice(sowe think).
Arewew illing tomake friendswith them?
(1)We alwayswant tomake friends with the studentswho getbetter grades than we do,butarewe w illing to make friends with the students whose gradesarenotasgood asours?
(2)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are prettier than we are,butare wew illing tomake friendswith the oneswho are notas pretty as weare?
(3)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are smarter than we are,butarewew illing tomake friendswith theoneswho are notso smart?
(4)We always want to make friends with the ones who are richer than us,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are less fortunate?
(5)We always want to make friends with the oneswho are bettereducated than us,butarewewilling tomake friendswith theoneswho are lesseducated?
(6)We always want to make friends with the ones who aremore successful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are lesssuccessful?
(7)We always want to make friends with the ones who are faster and stronger,but are we w illing to make friends with the ones who are slower and weaker?
(8)We always want to make friends with the ones who are more peaceful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho aremorehot-blooded?
(9)We always want to make friends with the ones who are more powerful,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswho are lesspowerful?
(10)We always want to make friends with the ones who have yellow skin,but are we w illing to make friendswith theoneswith darkeror palerskin?
(11)We alwayswant tomake friendswith the oneswho live closer to us,butarewew illing tomake friendswith the oneswho live far,faraway?
(12)Arewew illing tomake friendswith the ones thatcan fly higher,dive deeper,move fasterand jump farther?
(13)Arewewilling tomake friendswith the only home thatwe have,our planet Earth,so that itwon’t be changed into amore polluted,more dried-up and more dangerousplace forus to live?
2.教师表达自己的观点,强化德育渗透
Remember:Friendship is not about taking,getting,and having;Friendship is about giving,caring, and sharing.
【听课后感悟】
一位北京四中校长曾经说过,一堂好课要有知识、有方法、有生活、有境界。一堂好课,学生除了能够学到知识和方法外,还能学到生活的智慧、人生的态度和人生的哲学,感受到人格的魅力。本课中教师采用逆向思维方式,向学生呈现含有大量比较级的句子,以此提出不同的交友观进行语言输入,再配有合适的图片,非常震撼,值得我们思考。这不仅巩固了重点,也升华了本课的交友主题,让学生对本堂课话题有所感悟的同时,更能升华主题情感。之后,学生分组讨论话题并用写作支架来完成写作。最终,将阅读成果转化成为写作内容,完成由语言输入到语言输出的转换。
结束语
如何理解教材、深挖文本一直是我们一线教师在思索的问题,也是亟待解决的问题。听了楼翎老师的课,再经过高歌老师对阅读课的深层指导,笔者茅塞顿开,认为深挖课本,其乐无穷——乐在思维、乐在行为、乐在感悟。
引用文献
胡晓娟.2014.以读促写的初中英语写作教学实践[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇),(5):23-28.
李冬梅.2005.论合作学习在写作教学中的应用[J].中小学英语教学与研究,(5):32-35.
朱惠芳.2007.高中英语阅读与写作教学互动模式的探析及应用[J].中小学英语教学与研究,(8):42-46.
作者信息:311101,浙江杭州,浙江省杭州市余杭区乔司中学