急性脑梗死磁共振液体衰减反转恢复序列高信号血管征机制
2015-01-26沈龙山刘振生
冯 瑞 沈龙山 刘振生 李 澄
急性脑梗死磁共振液体衰减反转恢复序列高信号血管征机制
冯 瑞1沈龙山2刘振生3李 澄3
目的与血管造影对照探讨急性脑梗死磁共振液体衰减反转恢复序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)大脑中动脉高信号血管征(hyperintense vessel sign, HVS)的形成机制。方法回顾性分析15例急性大脑中动脉闭塞6 h内患者的磁共振FLAIR序列及血管造影图像,并以血管造影分析其血流动力学特征。结果15例急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者HVS出现率为100%,颈内动脉造影及微导管局部造影显示M1段充盈缺损,M1段以远侧支逆流显影、造影剂滞留。结论急性脑梗死HVS形成的机制可能为近端血管内血栓形成,远端血流缓慢的侧枝循环。
脑梗死;核磁共振;血管高信号;血管造影
急性缺血性卒中患者磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)液体衰减反转恢复序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)大脑中动脉呈高信号血管征(hyperintense vessel sign,HVS),但有关HVS形成的确切机制仍不清楚[1-2]。本文与脑血管造影对照,探讨其形成机制及其临床价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
回顾性分析脑血管造影及核磁共振扫描资料齐全的急性大脑中动脉闭塞患者15例,其中男9例,女6例,年龄45~78岁,平均(67.5±1.2)岁。患者临床表现包括对侧运动和感觉障碍、同向偏盲和/或高级功能障碍。
1.2 检查方法
采用GE 1.5 T Signa EXCITE II 或Siemens MAGNETOM Verio 3.0T超导磁共振扫描仪,头颈联合线圈。扫描序列包括常规MR平扫、扩散加权成像(diffuse weighing imaging,DWI)及MRA扫描。均行常规脑血管造影及微导管行局部脑血管造影,明确血管阻塞的部位和范围,侧支循环情况。
2 结果
15例急性脑梗死患者MRA均表现为右(7例)或左侧(8例)大脑中动脉M1段闭塞,DWI上均可见大小不等高信号区,最常见于外侧裂区(M2、M3段),发生率为100%(15/15),M1段为93%(14/15),M4段为67%(10/15),均表现为不同程度点状或线状高信号。
患侧颈内动脉造影均见大脑中动脉M1段完全闭塞,无大脑中动脉闭塞段以远呈不同程度逆向血流,未见充盈缺损表现。
3 讨论
Cosnard等[3]于1999年首次报道脑梗死患者的MRI FLAIR序列发现了颅内血管异常高信号,之后的一系列文献也相继证实脑梗死患者FLAIR序列存在动脉血管异常高信号,并将此异常高信号命名为HVS。其主要影像学表现为急性缺血性脑血管病患者中,MRI FLAIR序列上邻近脑皮质表面的蛛网膜下腔内为脑脊液环绕的蛇纹状或点状的高信号。
关于HVS的确切发生机制目前仍不十分清楚。Sanossian 等[4]通过与血管造影对照研究认为,HVS形成主要由于近端血管闭塞,软脑膜侧支逆向缓慢血流代偿所致。闭塞远端血管由于血流动力学的改变,在FLAIR序列上流空效应丧失,在低信号脑脊液的对比下呈高信号。本组15例超急性期脑梗死患者血管造影术中发现,所有大脑中动脉闭塞患者均存在不同程度来自大脑前动脉软脑膜支代偿。以微导管通过血栓后造影均发现血栓范围较小,大脑中动脉M1段远端血流缓慢,造影剂滞留,但多无明显充盈缺损表现[5]。
HVS作为闭塞性脑血管病一种特殊的影像学标志,具有重要的临床价值。对于急性脑梗死患者,HVS结合DWI可用于缺血半暗带的评估。有学者研究证实,在DWI高信号以外的HVS区存在显著脑灌注的异常,HVS与DWI错配区可视为缺血半暗带[6]。HVS代表缺血区侧枝循环的形成,对于评估患者卒中急性期病情和预后具有重要作用。HVS的出现与急性前循环血管闭塞患者脑梗死范围缓慢进展有关,即此类患者可以获得相对较长时间窗的治疗机会[7-8]。
总之,本研究结合相关文献提示,HVS是急性脑梗死患者特征性MRI表现,其形成机制为血流缓慢及血栓形成共同参与。
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Formation Mechanism of HVS Based on Magnetic Resonance FLAIR Sequence for Acute Cerebral Infarction Patients
FENG Rui1SHEN Longshan2LIU Zhensheng3LI Cheng31 Radiology Department,Fenjinting Hospital of Sihong County,Sihong 223900,China,2 Radiology Department,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 233040 Bengbu,China,3 Radiology Department,The First People's Hospital of Yangzhou City,Yangzhou 225001,China
Objective To discuss the HVS formation mechanism based on magnetic resonance FLAIR sequence and angiography for acute cerebral infraction patients.MethodsWithin 6 h,15 cases of acute middle cerebral artery occlusion received magnetic resonance FLAIR sequence and angiography images. The hemodynamic characteristics was analyzed based on angiography.ResultsFor 15 cases of acute middle cerebral artery occlusion,the incidence of HVS was 100%. According to the internal carotid artery angiography and micro catheter local angiography,the filling defect was presented at M1 segment. The collateral M1 segment had the countercurrent imaging and retention of contrast medium.ConclusionFor acute cerebral infraction patients,the formation mechanism of HVS may be attributed to the proximal intravascular thrombosisand slow collateral circulation of distal blood flow.【Key words】Cerebral Infraction,NMR,Hyperintense Vessel,Angiography
R743
A
1674-9316(2015)30-0157-02
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9316.2015.30.117
1 223900 江苏省泗洪县分金亭医院放射科
2 233040 安徽省蚌埠市蚌埠医学院第二附属医院放射科
3 225001 扬州市第一人民医院放射科