新生儿神经重症监护单元如何应用振幅整合脑电图
2015-01-24俞秀雅程国强周文浩
俞秀雅 程国强 周文浩
·综述·
新生儿神经重症监护单元如何应用振幅整合脑电图
俞秀雅 程国强 周文浩
目前对危重新生儿需要脑电监测这一理念已经达成共识。全导联视频脑电图是脑电监护的金标准,根据10-20电极国际标准导联放置方法,一般至少要安放16个电极才能获得满意的新生儿脑电图,特别是对于惊厥的诊断[1]。但该设备操作复杂,需要专业人员进行阅读,且不能随时进行检查和实时获得结果,因此只在大型新生儿中心应用。振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)的出现克服了全导联视频脑电图的限制,使新生儿脑功能长期连续监测成为可能。aEEG是一种简单化的脑电监护设备,来源于常规导联的脑电活动经过滤波、整合和时间压缩,脑电活动以半对数形式表示,以 6 cm·h-1的走纸速度输出,图形为波谱带。aEEG操作简单、可实时床旁连续监测脑电活动,阅读简单,经过简单培训大多数非脑电生理专业人员也可以进行正确阅读和及时处理。由于aEEG在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的诊断、严重程度和预后的评价中具有极高的敏感度及特异度,因此目前主要用于新生儿脑功能的监测,对脑损伤高危儿监测逐渐显示出临床价值。
1 aEEG与新生儿HIE
aEEG在新生儿领域的应用始于足月儿HIE监测。HIE新生儿进行aEEG监测可以早期评估其严重程度、选择合适的病例进行神经干预、早期判断预后[2]。
1.1 早期评估HIE的严重程度 许多研究[3~5]表明,aEEG可以在早期对窒息新生儿是否存在脑损伤进行准确预测,为早期干预治疗提供可靠依据。在窒息后6 h甚至<3 h时aEEG即可发现新生儿中、重度HIE。aEEG预测中、重度新生儿HIE的敏感度为100%,特异度为81.3%,阳性预测值为85%,阴性预测值为100%[6]。睡眠-觉醒周期(周期性)的变化也与HIE的严重程度有关,Sarnat分级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期新生儿,周期性出现的时间分别为7、33和62 h。HIE严重度越重,周期性恢复时间越晚[7]。目前认为MRI也是较好的评价新生儿HIE严重度和预后的方法,研究提示aEEG异常程度与MRI异常程度显著相关[8]。因此,aEEG结合早期神经系统检查,可提高预测窒息足月儿HIE严重程度的准确性。
1.2 筛选合适的新生儿HIE进行早期干预 新生儿HIE的任何神经保护措施均具有治疗时间窗,特别是亚低温治疗,动物模型时间窗为6~15 h。在新生儿中可能更短(约6 h)。亚低温对新生儿中度HIE保护作用更好。尽早识别合适的新生儿HIE予低温治疗十分重要,但仅根据临床病史及体征,要在6 h内早期诊断新生儿HIE并对其严重程度进行判断有一定难度。早期应用aEEG监测有助于医生早期发现处于中、重度HIE可能的新生儿,并与家长进行沟通和制定治疗计划,既有利于选择那些最可能受益于特殊神经保护措施(如亚低温疗法)的HIE患儿,又可以避免HIE治疗扩大化的倾向。国外多项临床多中心研究已将早期(生后<6 h)aEEG背景活动用于评估足月儿HIE的严重程度并作为干预研究的纳入标准[9~11]。目前许多医院有关HIE亚低温治疗的常规中也将aEEG作为筛选合适患儿的辅助手段[12~14]。但aEEG异常并不能作为新生儿HIE是否需要干预的唯一标准,Sarkar 等[15]研究发现aEEG正常,但早期存在脑病症状的HIE新生儿中30%死亡或存在MRI异常,这些患儿也可能是亚低温治疗潜在的受益者,原因可能与HIE脑损伤的部位有关,aEEG只能监测到皮质神经元电活动,而新生儿HIE存在基底节等深部白质损伤,特别是急性窒息由于缺乏脑血流的二次分配,基底节等深部白质损伤更严重,aEEG监测可能正常或仅表现为轻度异常。因此aEEG结合神经系统临床评估才能筛选出更多的HIE患儿进行干预[16]。
1.4 HIE亚低温治疗后aEEG评价远期预后的价值 由于亚低温治疗新生儿HIE逐渐成为常规的治疗方法,亚低温治疗是否能够改变aEEG预测HIE预后的临床价值也进行了研究。常温治疗组生后3~6 h异常的aEEG对神经发育不良的阳性预测值为84%,而亚低温治疗组阳性预测值降至59%,异常aEEG恢复正常的时间在常温治疗组和亚低温治疗组阳性预测值差异无统计学意义,分别为90.9%和96.2%;同样周期性出现的时间对亚低温治疗组神经发育异常阳性预测值也较高,认为亚低温治疗组异常的aEEG如果在48 h恢复预后一般较好[22]。随后Massaro等[23]研究进一步明确亚低温治疗48 h aEEG仍然异常或整个亚低温治疗过程中(72 h)未出现周期性提示预后不良。Shah等[24]对亚低温治疗HIE患儿进行连续监测,与MRI异常严重程度比较,通过多变量回归分析发现,惊厥发作次数和(或)持续时间是亚低温治疗后MRI严重异常的独立危险因素,而亚低温治疗24和48 h的aEEG背景电活动异常与MRI异常相关性较差,但没有评估48 h以后aEEG背景电活动与MRI异常的关系。Padden等[25]也比较了连续监测的aEEG异常与MRI严重程度之间的关系,常温治疗组患儿开始监测、监测结束时背景电活动异常以及监测结束时出现周期性与MRI异常存在相关性,但亚低温治疗组均没有相关性。尽管上述研究结果不一致,但亚低温治疗降低了aEEG预后评估价值,特别是早期aEEG监测。可能与亚低温治疗改善了脑损伤预后有关,因此对亚低温治疗的患儿延长监测时间,>48 h异常的aEEG背景电活动或无周期性仍是神经发育不良较好的预测指标。亚低温治疗时同时进行近红外光谱分析技术(NRIS)和aEEG监测可能提高预测神经发育不良的敏感度和特异度。
2 aEEG和新生儿惊厥
新生儿惊厥发生率高于儿童和成人,在活产婴儿中的发生率为2%~3‰。新生儿惊厥发作是脑功能严重损伤的重要标志。脑电图中观察到棘波且呈节律性及重复性发放,持续时间>10 s,提示存在惊厥发作。惊厥发作时导致aEEG的上限与下限显著增高,表现为锯齿样波形,有时也仅引起下边界抬高。因此可以应用aEEG对惊厥发作高危儿进行监测,也可以用来评价抗惊厥药物的疗效。
2.1 aEEG诊断惊厥的价值 Hellstrom-Westas[26]对疑似或确诊惊厥的新生儿同时进行aEEG和常规脑电图监测,发现aEEG有时不能监测到<30 s的短阵惊厥发作。Toet等[27]同时应用aEEG和常规脑电图对惊厥新生儿进行监测,研究发现持续监测>30 min,相比常规脑电图,aEEG更易观察到惊厥的发作,预测惊厥发作的敏感度和特异度有所提高,敏感度为80%,特异度为100%。随后更多的研究证实了aEEG监测在新生儿惊厥发作的价值。Shany等[28]研究表明对临床疑似惊厥的新生儿进行aEEG监测,aEEG诊断临床惊厥的敏感度为81%,特异度为86%,同时发现aEEG监测可以发现亚临床惊厥。随后研究也表明aEEG监测诊断惊厥的敏感度在60%~80%,可以发现亚临床惊厥[29~31]。新一代的数字化aEEG不仅可提供单通道或双通道的aEEG图像,还可以提供这些导联未经处理的原始脑电图。通过使用双通道aEEG并结合原始脑电图可以明显提高aEEG诊断惊厥的敏感度[32,33],笔者所在团队研究发现单通道无原始脑电图、单通道并原始脑电图以及双通道并原始脑电图诊断惊厥的敏感度分别为66.7%(95%CI:62%~91%)、74.4%(95%CI:78%~96%)和89.7%(95%CI:89%~100%),特异度分别为82.6%、100%和100%[34]。
2.2 影响aEEG诊断惊厥准确率的因素 aEEG是时间压缩后的脑电图形,并不能发现短时间的惊厥发作,一般原始脑电图上惊厥发作>2 min才能在aEEG上表现出来。aEEG导联较少,只能监测到该通道内发生的惊厥,并不能发现该通道以外的惊厥发作。Shellhaas等[30]发现常规脑电图监测到的851次新生儿惊厥中,78%源自C3-C4 导联处,81%来自中央颞、顶中线电极,因此进行惊厥监测aEEG电极应放置在C3-C4,双通道监测,另外的电极应放置在P3-P4,可以显著提高惊厥的检出率。aEEG结合原始脑电图可以提高诊断惊厥的敏感度和特异度,特别是对短暂惊厥发作,通过缩短压缩时间,可以发现短暂的惊厥发作,但在敏感度提高的同时,特异度降低[35],可能部分类似惊厥发作的干扰波形会误诊为惊厥发作,如一些护理操作、肌肉活动、出汗和心电干扰等在aEEG上也可表现为类似惊厥的波形,但可通过阅读原始脑电图或视频进行鉴别。有些低振幅的惊厥发作在aEEG上并不表现为下边界或下边界的抬高[36],EEG阅读经验可以提高惊厥诊断的准确性,同样的aEEG图形,分别给予经过简单培训的低年住院医师、有一定阅读经验的高年住院医师和新生儿专家进行阅读,新生儿专家诊断惊厥的特异度和敏感度均较高[37]。
2.3 aEEG评价抗惊厥药物疗效 aEEG可以用来评价抗惊厥药物疗效,并指导惊厥的临床治疗[38.39]。抗惊厥药物应用后,惊厥的临床表现可能消失,但脑电图上仍然存在异常放电,对这些没有临床表现的电惊厥是否会导致脑损伤尽管仍存在争议[40],但对HIE等存在脑病的新生儿,EEG表现惊厥的持续存在会加重脑损伤,因此,WHO制定的惊厥管理指南中建议给予治疗[41]。部分患儿给予抗惊厥药物后临床表现和电惊厥都缓解不明显,提示此类患儿惊厥难以控制,可能需要更换药物或联合应用抗惊厥药物[42]。由于aEEG可以连续监测脑电图变化,目前许多评价抗惊厥药物疗效的研究应用aEEG作为评价方法,寻找抗惊厥药物合适的治疗剂量,评价新的抗惊厥药物疗效[43,44]。
尽管aEEG在惊厥的诊断中存在一定的局限性,但基本能够满足临床的需要,在不能进行常规脑电图或视频脑电图检查时,连续aEEG监测可以证实是否存在惊厥发作,特别是对没有临床表现的电惊厥诊断具有较大的价值。结合原始脑电图可以提高aEEG诊断惊厥的敏感度和特异度。
3 早产儿与aEEG
3.1 早产儿脑发育研究 常规的脑电图研究发现,早产儿脑电活动与胎龄显著相关,不同胎龄的新生儿脑电图类型不同。同样,aEEG上脑电背景活动也与胎龄显著相关[45~48]。胎龄28周的早产儿aEEG已出现一定的周期性,但不完整,随着胎龄的增加,周期性逐渐成熟,约在胎龄37周大多数早产儿可出现成熟的周期性。同样背景电活动也存在类似的发育过程,aEEG上表现为连续性随胎龄增加而成熟,下边界电压逐渐增高,上边界电压逐渐下降,带宽逐渐变窄。胎龄37周的早产儿aEEG类似于足月儿的图形。早产儿出生后生活的环境与宫内明显不同,接触到各种刺激如声音、光、触觉、温度改变和疼痛等,也可能发生各种疾病,这些可能都会影响脑发育过程。宫外环境可能加速aEEG成熟,同一个胎龄点,纠正胎龄与出生胎龄比较,aEEG连续性、周期性更成熟,下边界电压较高,带宽变窄[49~52]。但是宫外环境加速脑成熟是否一定是有益的,仍需要进一步研究。给予发育支持护理的早产儿生后aEEG成熟加速,远期神经发育结局也较好。但没有给予发育支持护理的早产儿aEEG成熟同样加速,这些不良的刺激可能会导致神经发育异常。笔者研究团队的研究还发现[53],胎龄越小,受宫外环境的影响越大,aEEG加速成熟更快,提示对更小胎龄的早产儿,应尽量模拟宫内环境,减轻宫外环境对脑发育的影响,或给予发育支持护理。新生儿神经重症监护单元的建立可能更有利于这些超早产儿神经发育。
3.2 早产儿脑损伤与aEEG 早产儿aEEG与胎龄有关,不同胎龄的aEEG图形存在差异,不能用足月儿评价指标评估早产儿aEEG是否异常,因此aEEG在早产儿脑损伤评估中的价值不如足月儿明确。
暴发间歇和每小时暴发次数是评价早产儿脑损伤较为有用的指标。由于早产儿脑电活动是不连续的,存在一定时间间歇期,不同的胎龄间歇期时间不同,2次脑电活动之间的间歇期称为暴发间歇,胎龄越小,暴发间歇越长[54]。暴发间歇平均值,胎龄21~22周为26 s,~24周为18 s,~27周为12 s(最大35~45 s),~30周为10~12 s(最大30~35 s),~33周为8~10 s(最大20 s),~36周为6~8 s(最大10 s);~40周的最大值为6 s[55]。暴发间歇超过相应胎龄段的时间提示暴发间歇过长,脑电活动受到抑制[56,57]。胎龄>36周的新生儿一般不应出现暴发间歇。相对应的就是每小时暴发次数,包括每小时最大和最小暴发次数。最大暴发次数价值相对更大。如最大暴发次数<130·h-1多提示存在严重的颅内出血[58]。下边界电压和周期性也是评价早产儿脑损伤常用的指标。严重颅内出血的早产儿下边界电压显著降低,多<2 μV[59];周期性较同胎龄的早产儿不成熟或出现延迟也提示存在严重颅内出血[60]。早产儿脑室周围白质软化(PVL)也是早产儿常见脑损伤的类型,Kato 等[61]分别在早产儿生后0~5、6~13和21~34 d行aEEG监测,提示存在PVL的早产儿6~13 d上边界电压明显增加,上边界的平均电压也显著增高。Natalucci等[62]研究也提示发生PVL的早产儿下边界电压显著降低,周期性出现延迟,上边界电压增高。Song 等[63]研究也提示生后72 h内对早产儿进行aEEG监测,aEEG异常严重度与PVL发生显著相关。由于研究资料较少,很难确定aEEG哪些参数可以预测PVL的发生,由于PVL发生时间存在差异,目前研究也很难明确何时监测预测价值更大。有关aEEG在早产儿PVL预测价值仍需要更多的研究。
3.3 aEEG与早产儿神经发育结局 Welch等[64]对胎龄<28周的早产儿,每周监测1次aEEG直至纠正胎龄36周,22~24月龄时进行Bayley量表发育评估,没有发现aEEG成熟度的差异与认知和运动功能评分间存在相关性。Olischar等[65]对胎龄<30周的早产儿生后2周内进行aEEG监测,3岁时进行神经发育评估,神经发育异常的男童aEEG评分较低。Wikström等[66]对胎龄<30周的早产儿在生后72 h内行aEEG监测,每天监测1次持续4 h,纠正胎龄2岁时进行Bayley量表评估,MDI或PDI<70定义为预后不良。预后不良的新生儿aEEG明显抑制,aEEG存在暴发抑制波形、暴发间歇延长(>6 s)。提示早期进行aEEG监测可以评估早产儿神经发育结局。Klebermass等[67]对胎龄<30周的早产儿于生后2周内进行aEEG监测,纠正胎龄3岁时进行Bayley量表评估,MDI或PDI<70定义为预后不良。研究发现aEEG评分与预后不良发生率显著相关,生后1周内预测预后不良的敏感度为87%(95%CI:78%~94%),第2周为83%(95%CI:71%~91%),特异度分别为73%(95%CI:58%~85%)和95%(95%CI:84%~99%)。不同研究结果存在差异可能与首次监测时间、监测时间长度、研究人群不同和aEEG评价指标不同等有关。aEEG监测可能对早产儿神经发育评估具有一定的临床价值,需要进一步评估,特别是如何选择监测时间、寻找更敏感的评价早产儿预后的aEEG指标[68]。联合头颅超声、近红外光谱分析技术和MRI在不同时期对早产儿进行监测,对早产儿远期神经发育的评估可能更有价值。新生儿神经监护单元的建立有利于整合这些监测手段,在早产儿神经预后评估中可能发挥更大的价值,值得进一步探讨。
3.4 aEEG评分系统 由于早产儿aEEG图形与胎龄有关,aEEG主要参数如连续性、周期性、下边界振幅、带宽等不同的胎龄正常范围不同,且存在较大重叠,很难制定早产儿aEEG的正常值,很难对早产儿aEEG图形异常进行客观评价。另外不同的研究者应用上述不同的参数组合描述aEEG特征,对不同的婴儿或同一婴儿不同胎龄的aEEG数据很难进行统计学比较。为此,Burdjalov等[69]设计了一个评分系统用于早产儿aEEG 分析,该评分系统描述了新生儿aEEG的各种参数,并对其进行量化,也是目前唯一的评分系统。对正常早产儿研究表明该评分系统能够很好的反映早产儿脑发育过程,其分值与胎龄高度相关,分值越高,表明脑发育越成熟[70]。小于胎龄儿与足月儿比较,该分值较低,提示小于胎龄儿脑发育延迟[71];早产儿脑发育可能也存在性别差异,研究发现女性在各个胎龄组总分值均高于男性[72]。危重度评分是评价新生儿危重程度的常用指标,与新生儿疾病严重度、预后和病死率具有很好的相关性,生后第1天的aEEG总分与危重度评分相关性也较好,对早产儿脑损伤和预后的评估也具有临床价值,该分值较低提示早产儿存在严重颅内出血或可能发生不良预后[73],但相关的研究资料较少。
3.5 早产儿临床干预与aEEG 早产儿容易发生各种并发症,常需要各种临床干预措施如呼吸支持,吸痰,维持血压,应用肺表面活性物质、茶碱类药物、吲哚美辛或布洛芬等关闭动脉导管,各种疼痛刺激、光线、声音刺激等,也容易发生败血症、黄疸、坏死性小肠结肠炎等疾病。这些干预措施或疾病都可能影响脑血流导致脑损伤。对这些患儿进行脑功能监护,早期发现脑电活动的变化,进而避免或减轻早产儿脑损伤,改善早产儿预后。对早产儿出血后脑积水的研究表明,随着脑积水逐渐进展,aEEG电压变低,周期性消失,脑室-腹腔分流术后,抑制的脑电活动逐渐恢复[74,75],通过aEEG持续监测可以早期发现需要手术干预的早产儿出血后脑积水,对选择合适干预时机具有指导意义。接受氨茶碱和咖啡因治疗的早产儿表现为aEEG成熟加速[50,76]。早产儿PDA在手术关闭动脉导管时,发现手术过程中脑氧饱和度下降,aEEG表现为抑制图形,提示早产儿手术操作过程中需要进行脑氧合和aEEG监测,提高手术安全性,可以避免脑损伤[77]。Kasdorf 等[78]对早产儿PDA手术全程进行了监测,麻醉后开始至整个手术结束后,aEEG表现为抑制图形,心率、血压等升高,且发现aEEG并不是疼痛评估的良好指标。有研究对PDA结扎手术前、中和后进行aEEG和心脏超声检查,发现PDA结扎导致aEEG抑制和心输出量降低,大脑中动脉舒张期血流增加,aEEG抑制与胎龄和PDA直径有关,与心输出量减少无关[79]。对早产儿进行口腔训练发现aEEG成熟加速[80];早产儿给予肺表面活性物质后平均动脉血压短时间内明显下降,同时表现为明显抑制的aEEG图形,提示脑电活动受到抑制。但血压下降时,脑氧合血红蛋白下降,总的血红蛋白浓度不变,提示脑血流没有变化,因此脑电活动抑制与缺氧有关,并不是由缺血导致的[81]。相关的文献资料较少,仍需要进一步的资料积累评估aEEG的价值。
4 aEEG用于其他脑损伤高危儿的监护
导致新生儿脑损伤因素除缺氧缺血外,严重感染、高胆红素血症、低血糖、遗传代谢疾病、脑梗死和脑发育异常等也可导致脑损伤。aEEG也可用于这些脑损伤高危儿的监护。对败血症和(或)脑膜炎新生儿的研究表明,aEEG异常程度和异常持续时间与预后显著相关[82]。遗传代谢性疾病如存在高氨血症或严重酸中毒或存在脑病表现,aEEG多表现为显著异常,预后常较差[83,84]。对高胆红素血症患儿的监测发现,发生急性高胆红素脑病的患儿aEEG图形异常,表现为脑电活动受抑制,周期性不成熟或缺乏,中度以上的高胆红素血症早产儿aEEG即表现为抑制图形,提示脑电活动受到抑制[85,86]。对低血糖新生儿的研究并没有发现aEEG异常,但纳入的患儿多为轻度低血糖,且持续时间短,没有脑损伤的临床症状[87]。严重的反复低血糖可能导致aEEG异常[88]。先天性心脏病(CHD)特别是青紫型CHD新生儿也是脑损伤高危儿,脑损伤的因素可以是疾病本身导致,也可发生在手术过程中,对这些患儿进行aEEG监测发现术前多数CHD患儿aEEG异常,45%患儿严重异常,多为青紫型CHD[89]。aEEG严重异常或存在惊厥的患儿多存在严重酸中毒,因此aEEG监测可以用来评估CHD患儿的脑功能[90]。围术期aEEG监测出现惊厥图形或恢复延迟提示发生神经预后不良的风险增加。因此加强围手术期aEEG监护,积极寻找CHD发生脑损伤的病因,改善对手术期间的监护和处理,可预测神经预后发育不良的风险。
5 脑损伤高危儿aEEG连续监测
一般常规脑电图监测时间为15~30 min,视频脑电图监测的时间大多为4 h,而aEEG由于是压缩图形,可以进行连续监测,有助于发现阵发性的脑电活动异常,可观察脑电活动的趋势变化,对神经发育预后的评估价值更大。Ter Horst等[91]对足月儿HIE出生后72 h连续进行aEEG监测,发现异常aEEG恢复时间可以更好的评估神经发育预后。即使早期严重异常的aEEG如果在24 h内恢复,大多预后良好,如果aEEG异常逐渐严重或36 h仍没有恢复正常,预后多不良。对严重败血症和(或)脑膜炎的新生儿进行72 h连续监测也得出相似的结论[82]。HIE患儿亚低温治疗期间连续监测同样提高了aEEG评估神经发育不良的敏感度和特异度。由于早产儿脑损伤发生的时间不确定,对脑损伤高危早产儿进行连续监测,可能早期发现脑损伤,明确何时发生脑损伤[57,58],并分析导致脑损伤的可能因素,在临床工作中注意改进早产儿管理水平,可以改善早产儿预后[68]。
6 总结
aEEG是新生儿神经监护单元重要的评估工具,是足月儿和早产儿脑损伤的监测和预后评估的重要方法。aEEG的应用范围不仅局限于缺氧缺血导致的脑损伤,对其他原因如感染、遗传代谢性疾病、中枢感染、高胆红素血症、低血糖和电解质紊乱等引起的脑损失具有重要的临床价值。早产儿临床管理中进行aEEG连续监测,可以评估辅助通气、药物和护理操作过程脑电活动变化,可以优化早产儿临床管理措施,改善早产儿预后。aEEG在新生儿惊厥的诊断和疗效评估中也发挥更重要的作用,对新生儿抗惊厥新药的研发具有促进作用。随着aEEG技术的不断改进和临床研究、应用经验的积累,aEEG在新生儿神经监护单元必将发挥更大作用。
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(本文编辑:张崇凡)
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.02.008
复旦大学附属儿科医院新生儿科,卫生部新生儿疾病重点实验室 上海,201102
程国强,E-mail:gqchengcm@163.com
2015-03-07
2015-04-01)