巨大不可修复性肩袖损伤治疗的现状与展望
2015-01-21徐才祺王蕾
徐才祺 王蕾
作者单位:200025 上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院骨科
Treatment strategies and update of irreparable rotator cuff tears
XU Cai-qi, WANG Lei
Orthopaedic Department,
Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, PRCCorresponding author: WANG Lei, Email: ray_wangs@hotmail.com
巨大不可修复性肩袖损伤治疗的现状与展望
徐才祺 王蕾
作者单位:200025 上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院骨科
Treatment strategies and update of irreparable rotator cuff tears
XU Cai-qi, WANG Lei
Orthopaedic Department,
Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, PRC
Corresponding author: WANG Lei, Email: ray_wangs@hotmail.com
【关键词】肩关节;软组织损伤;创伤和损伤;肩袖损伤
随着人口老龄化趋势日益增快,肩袖病损呈明显增加的趋势[1-2],各种原因造成的巨大不可修复性肩袖损伤 ( irreparable rotator cuff tears,IRCTs ) 也越来越多[2]。近年来,尽管在治疗巨大及 IRCTs 的方法,不断有新的治疗新方法出现[3-5],但尚没有一种理性的治疗方案。各种治疗方法由于结果不尽相同,缺乏统一的认识,严重影响、制约着肩袖病损治疗的发展。这需要潜心研究,加强合作,充分交流,不断总结,才有可能用循证医学的方法去探索,有临床推广意义的治疗方法。
一、巨大 IRCTs 的概念
1. 巨大肩袖损伤:肩袖 ( rotator cuff ),是维持肩关节稳定的主要解剖构造,主要由冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌及肩胛下肌组成的一组具有相似功能的肌群,4 块肌肉的肌腱部分在肱骨头解剖颈处形成袖套状结构,围绕肩关节的上、后和前方,并与肩关节囊附着[1]。而肩关节 ( 主要是肱盂关节 ) 为典型的多轴球窝关节,虽然在关节盂的周缘有纤维软骨构成的盂唇来加深关节窝,但仍仅能容纳肱骨头关节面的 1/4~1/3,因此肩袖组织对肩关节的稳定性起着重要的作用[2]。
对于巨大肩袖损伤 ( massive rotator cuff tears ) 的定义,并无通用概念,欧洲地区将损伤涉及 2 个以上的肌腱划分为巨大肩袖损伤[3],而北美地区将巨大肩袖损伤定义为撕裂的直径 > 5 cm[4]。
2. IRCTs:巨大肩袖损伤并不完全等同于 IRCTs,不可修复的损伤也并不总是巨大的。国际上将不可修复的肩袖损伤定义为:清除无血管组织后,把上臂置于体侧内收位时,肌腱组织的质量很差,以至于不能直接行肌腱-骨修复[5]。不可修复损伤的其它重要指征包括:肩峰-肱骨头距离 < 5 cm、固定的肱骨头上方半脱位、MRI 显示肩袖肌肉的严重萎缩、进展性脂肪浸润[6-7]。
3. 巨大 IRCTs 的患病率:肩袖损伤是肩部功能障碍的主要原因,有报道 60 岁左右人群患病率高达 25.6%[8]。若不能正确认识并及时就诊,可发展成巨大的 IRCTs。由于慢性病程导致的肩袖肌肉内脂肪浸润、肩袖组织萎缩等因素,导致巨大损伤修复的失败率高达 94%[9]。IRCTs 对于骨科医生,特别是运动医学科医生来说,是一种巨大的挑战,对于患者来说,IRCTs 引起其肩关节运动受限,从而致使丧失部分日常生活能力,往往对其生理与心理造成巨大的影响。
二、IRCTs 的治疗
近年来,由于 IRCTs 患病率不断提高,不同的治疗方案也不断受到全世界的重视,从简单的保守治疗,如制动、应用非甾体抗炎药缓解疼痛和理疗等[10],到简单关节镜下肩峰成形与清创术[11],关节镜下巨大肩袖损伤的部分修复[12-15]以及肌腱转位重建肩袖组织[16-24],各类自体与异体组织替代肩袖[25-29],反肩置换[30],采用自体或是异体肌腱重建肩袖等[31],都能短期内有效改善患者疼痛、活动受限等,但长期效果都欠理想。
1. 保守治疗:目前国际上,对于 IRCTs 的非手术治疗,即仅仅是对症处理,如理疗,药物,皮质激素关节内注射等。对于肩关节僵硬的患者,理疗应着重于被动的牵拉练习,然后进行肩关节周围肌肉的力量锻炼。同时,应当着力于改善内旋和外旋活动、三角肌功能以及肩胛骨的稳定作用,从而来补偿损伤肩袖的功能。
2. 关节镜下治疗:手术方式包括关节镜下单纯清理术 + 肩峰下减压成形术[32-33]、肱二头肌长头肌肌腱切断或腱固定术、肩胛上神经减压术、部分肩袖修补术等[12-13,34-35]。( 1 ) 单纯肩峰成形、肩峰下减压术:该技术最初适用于有疼痛和活动要求较低的老年患者。尽管这些患者的肩部力量没有改善,但由于消除了机械撞击引起的疼痛,功能可以有所提高。这种治疗方法适用于年龄 > 60 岁、前屈上举至少达 120° ( 肩峰下注射麻醉后 )、外旋力量至少保留 80% 的患者。但是,此方法的总体治疗效果不稳定,肩关节功能有可能随着时间的延长而恶化[33]。( 2 ) 肩胛上神经减压术:该方法主要目的是解决患者疼痛以及肩胛上神经卡压症状,能够部分缓解患者疼痛主诉,但是对于恢复肩关节功能基本没有作用,若结合肩峰下减压以及肩关节清理,疼痛缓解时间能够较长[32]。( 3 ) 肩袖部分修补术:Burkhart 报告巨大损伤的部分修复技术[34-35],并介绍了这种术式的生物力学原理。假设巨大损伤的部分修复重新创建了肩袖前部和后部的力偶。就像一个“吊桥系统”,这个力偶的作用是让力量经过肩关节传导,并且把肱骨头稳定在关节盂内,而增加三角肌提供的前屈上举的力量。巨大损伤部分修复的目的是把无功能损伤转化为有功能损伤。肩袖的前部和后部被固定在肱骨头中纬线以上的位置,而肩袖剩下的部分提供稳定的力量。为了达到这个目的。不需要完全覆盖肱骨头。应用边缘集中去提高肩袖前部和后部的对合,降低修复的腱骨界面的磨损。识别损伤的模式很重要。损伤裂口的顶端会向内侧延伸,显示肌腱的严重回缩。通过在顶端缝合巨大损伤的边缘,可以在没有很大张力的情况下,易于用缝合锚把损伤修复到大结节上。
有学者评估了平均随访 3.5 年的 59 例患者,发现包括巨大损伤的各种大小损伤的患者,在疼痛、功能、力量和活动方面都有非常显著的改善[34]。
这些方法短期能缓解症状和改善部分功能,长期效果不佳,仅看作是姑息性治疗手段[36]。
3. 肌腱移位的肩袖重建术:在肩袖重建方面,较早提出主要以肩关节周围肌肉进行转位从而替代肩袖组织的解剖以及功能,主要包括背阔肌肌腱转位术[37-38]、三角肌肌腱转位术[16-17]、大圆肌肌腱转位术等,一般来说,对于由于疼痛造成功能明显下降的肩袖损伤,以及进行初期重建成功的概率很低的患者,都可以考虑肌腱移位术。对于以前肌腱修复失败的患者,肌腱移位是否有用不是很清楚。在这种情况下,许多因素会影响功能的成功改善,包括喙突肩峰弓的破坏、三角肌的缺陷和僵硬及神经损伤,但以上的肩袖重建技术都是对患者肩关节功能的“转移性破坏”,从生物力学角度评估,以及长期随访效果并不满意[38]。
4. 反肩关节置换:当 IRCTs 发展成肩袖-骨关节病时,对于功能要求不高患者,可选择行反置式人工肩关节置换术,目前反肩关节置换治疗肩袖撕裂性关节病逐渐引起大家的重视。其基本生物力学目标在于内移盂肱关节旋转中心以降低剪切力,同时增加三角肌的力臂,更好地改善上举功能。手术操作中,将半球形假体通过底座固定于肩关节盂之上。研究发现,将旋转中心内移 10 mm,三角肌力矩 ( 主要由中部三角肌和部分前部及后部三角肌产生 ) 可增加 20%~60%。将旋转中心下移 10 mm,可使三角肌力矩增加 30%~60%,但仍有很高的并发症和翻修率[30]。
目前,缺乏手术的长期预后随访结果,基于以上原因,应谨慎选择手术适应证,一般推荐:反肩关节置换术可适用于低活动水平需求的老年患者。
三、自体与异体移植物
有学者报道了治疗巨大 IRCTs。移植材料包括自体组织[39]、同种异体组织[40]、异种组织以及人工合成组织等[26-27,41]。来源于异种组织及人工合成的各种生物材料“补片”,成为近来关注的热点。这些“补片增强”修补技术,尽管初期对残存肌腱组织能起到“组织支架”和“诱导再生”作用,以及早期覆盖肱骨头的作用,但从生物力学和生物学角度讲,它并不具备肌腱本身的固有特性[42-43]。而且,随着相对高的感染率和慢性免疫反应报道,目前已在使用的合成材料,其生物相容性仍是个问题。因此,临床使用补片修补受有效性、安全性和费用等因素限制。
近期,Mihata 等[44]报道采用自体移植物 ( 大腿部阔筋膜 ) 重建并加强肩关节上方关节囊以治疗 IRCTs,得到了较好的临床效果,此外,其相关生物力学研究也证实其有可靠地固定作用以及对于加强上方关节囊的重要性[45]。但此仅限于关节囊重建水平以及使用阔筋膜作为移植物,并未涉及真正的肩袖组织。
总之,在笔者强调在 IRCTs 的临床实践中,首先须作好术前评估,评估的内容是包括完善的体格检查( 肩袖各个肌肉的力量、肩关节活动度等 )、MRI 了解肩袖损伤程度 ( 损伤面积大小、肩袖脂肪浸润程度 ) 以及患者的期望值;其次需要针对不同功能需求的患者选择不同的治疗方案。对于肩袖质地较好以及脂肪浸润程度较低且对肩关节活动度要求较高的患者,可考虑肩关节镜下肩袖修补 ( 或部分修补 ) + 肩峰下间隙清理;对于肩袖质地较差、脂肪浸润较多且仅需要解决肩关节疼痛的患者,可以选肩关节镜下肩关节清理 + 肩峰下减压 + 肩峰部分成形 ( 保留喙肩弓 );对于一些肩袖脂肪浸润较多、回缩严重且对肩关节活动度要求较高的患者,在体检确认三角肌肌力正常的前提下,反置肩关节置换可以达到较好的疗效。
目前,生物组织替代肩袖组织已成为研究热点,但新材料能否很好地与腱骨愈合?是否有较好的生物力学强度?是否有正常肩袖的功能?是目前亟待解决的问题。有效地避免或延缓 IRCTs 患者肩袖关节病的发生,提高患者的生活质量,是需要骨科临床医学和生物工程学共同攻克的一个课题!
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( 本文编辑:李贵存 )
. 肩关节外科 Shoulder surgery .
【Abstract】Irreparable rotator cuff tears ( IRCTs ), due to fatty infiltration and tendon retraction of the rotator cuff, is a challenge for orthropaedic surgeons, especially surgeons of sports medicine. It also has a huge influence on shoulder range of motion ( ROM ) loss and life quality. Currently, the treatment strategies of IRCTs still remain controversial, including conservative procedures, arthroscopic acromioplasty, partial repair, rotator cuff reconstruction and shoulder preserving athroplasty. With the popularity of new biomaterial application, there is another option to IRCTs surgery. However, healing effects of the new material with bone and tendon, mechanical strength, rotator cuff functions are still in need to be explored.
【Key words】Shoulder joint; Soft tissue injuries; Wounds and injuries; Rotator cuff tears
( 收稿日期:2015-04-27 )
通信作者:王蕾,Email: ray_wangs@hotmail.com
基金项目:国家自然科学基金青年基金 ( 31400800 )
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2015.07.002
中图分类号:R684