初中英语阅读理解五大有效解题策略浅析
2015-01-04鞠毅
鞠毅
初中英语阅读理解五大有效解题策略浅析
鞠毅
本文就英语学习中阅读理解题对中学生兴趣和自信心的重要影响和作用联想到学生解题技巧差、失分严重这一现状,提出了达到任务型教学对读的五级要求所必须具备的“跳读(Skimm ing)、扫读(Scanning)和细读(Careful reading)”等阅读方式和“审视标题,猜测大意;初读全文,把握整体;推理判断;猜测词义;细读题目,抓住问点”五大阅读技巧。
任务型教学;阅读理解;解题策略
一、引言
大多数初中一线教师都有同感:学生在初中一年级开始时对英语比较感兴趣,可一到初一下学期或初二上学期就出现了两极分化。大家认为这种分化不是因为学生的智力差异,不是因为教师教得不好,也不是教材的原因,而是学生兴趣和自信心的原因——学生在学习中遇到了挫折,兴趣淡化,自信丧失,对进一步学习产生了畏惧感。随手翻翻无论是学业检测题还是中考试卷,显然阅读理解这一题型占比重最大,失分是最严重的,这就是导致学生失去兴趣和自信的最强大的“拦路虎”(包天仁 2012)。教师必须多给这些无助的孩子支招——告诉他们更多的关于解这种题的窍门(skills)。
二、阅读理解是一种综合能力
新课程标准明确规定:现代教学的目的不是教学生简单的传承和传授,而是让学生学会学习,学会探究,学会创造;更多地着眼于学生未来的可持续发展,即由重知识转向重技能;由学得转向习得;由知识的记忆转向语言的综合运用。重新定位英语教学的首要任务是“激发学习兴趣,培养学生自信”(教育部 2005),这就要求我们的教学操作可行性更高。
新课标对“阅读”技能的五级目标做了这样的要求和规定:
能读懂供7~9年级学生阅读的简单读物和报刊,克服生词障碍,能根据上下文和构词法推断,理解生词的含义;能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;能找出文章的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;理解文章大意;能读懂常见题材的阅读材料;就日常生活的各种话题与他人交换信息并陈述意见;能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;能利用字典等工具书进行学习;除教材外课外阅读量达到15万词以上。
那么如何围绕这些目标对学生进行阅读理解方法的有效指导呢?
初中学生毕业时的阅读量达15万词以上!阅读的内容可能会包罗万象,但大致可分为以下类型:信息传递型,逻辑推理型,观点阐述型(罗先达、尹世寅、周蓉 2003),还有的三者兼有。根据阅读材料类型的不同,所运用的阅读方式和解题技巧各有侧重。
例A(2010莱芜市中考题)
We pick up your children at school,and give them a safe place to play,do homework,and learn after school.
Experienced Teacher/Lunch&Snack/Toys &Books.
Aged 6 to 12.
Our Programs:
*Languages*Math*Computer*Music
Open 11:00a.m.to 7:00 p.m.,Mon.to Fri.
26MarketRoad,Star City
TEL:8765-4321
1.What can’tchildren learn in Little Rabbit?
A.Art B.Music
C.Computer D.Languages
2.M r.Green can send her daughter Lucy to Little Ra b b i t e x c e p t__.
A.6:00p.m.on Friday
B.7:00 a.m.onWednesday
C.11:00 a.m.on Tuesday
D.12:00 a.m.on Monday
3.Li t t l eRabbi twi l l beopen f o r__ina week?
A.4 hours B.8 hours
C.20 hours D.40 hours
4.Who can have fun and learn in Little Rabbit?
A.M ike,a schoolboy of13.
B.Mary,an eight-year-old girl
C.Cathy,an experienced teacher
D.Linda,ahousewifew ithoutwork
5.(略)
例A是信息传递型的,本质是对了解后的语言进行转述,把语言转换成图表形式,或把图表转换成语言表述。在这篇文章中我们审视标题可以大概地猜测到文意是有关娱乐和学习的,跳读(Skimm ing)和扫读(Scanning)就不难发现Our Programs一项,轻松选出第1题答案为A,当然前提是我们要注意到can’t,这儿其实是个小小的细读(Careful reading)。然后我们继续扫读,经过推理(Inferring)计算(Calculating)不难得出第2题、第3题的答案。与之相比,第4题要理解except词义后细读才能成功选出答案。
显而易见,在这种信息型的阅读理解中,我们常会采用扫读、跳读,在遇到有关数字的题目时我们才细读,发现关键词。
例B(2010烟台中考)
M r.Green once worked in a big company.He wasquite busy so thathe couldn’tdo any reading.So he gave up his job and opened a bookshop in the centerof the town.Itwasn’tbig butall thebookwere nice andmost people liked to buy some there.When the shopwas closed,he could read athome.He knew a lot and many learned people were glad to make friendswith him.
Itwas Sunday and itwas cold outside.M r.Green was very busy.At nine in the evening all the buyers leftbuta woman was still there.She was dressed up and seemed to bewaiting for somebody there.Standing by the shelves,she looked over the books one after another,andmade them in a terriblemess.M r.Green came up to her and asked,“Excuseme Madam,what can Ido for you?”
“Your books are not interesting atall,”said the woman,“Iwanta deliciousone.”
“That’s easy,”M r.Green sm iled.He brought outa cookbook and said,“Here you are,madam.”
1.Why did M r.Green changed his job?
A.He didn’t like reading.
B.Hewas too busy to read books.
C.He liked the life in centerof the town.
D.Hewanted tow ritea cookbook himself.
2.Most people liked to buy books in the shop because__.
A.the bookshop was in the centerof the town
B.all thebookswereallgood forpeople
C.itwasvery large
D.thebooks therewereallgood for people
3.From the storywe know that“learned people”means__.
A.peoplewho are free
B.peoplewho are studying hard
C.peoplewho havemuch know ledge
D.peoplewho havemuchmoney
4.What’s themostsuitable ending of the story?
5....
阅读这些问题的题干我们会发现,问题大多包括why,because,reason,infer等,这篇文章属于逻辑推理型,这样的文章我们往往不能直接从字面获取所需信息。这就需要我们透过字里行间捕捉隐含信息,综合全部事实加以分析,推理判断作者的真实意图。这更需要考生细心阅读,反复推敲。这类文章细读点更多,读到与问题相关处最好做出标记,以供细细体味检查。
例C(2010日照市中考)
Raising pets isa popular online game teenagers. “More than 20 ofmy classmateshaveadopted(领养)petsonline,while lastyear thenumberwas just10,”said Wang Hui,am iddle school student from Beijing,who also raisespetsonline.
If you go to some website,you can adopt virtual(虚拟)pets like penguins,chickens,dogsand elephants.You can feed,wash,talk to and playw ith your pet.
Dai Ying of Shanghai raises pets in Kaixin001. com.The 15-year-old said it is great fun.She thinks thatshe hasalso learned how to take careofothers.
Ifonedoesn’tfeed and care for thepet,itbecomes unhappy and unhealthy.So raising an online pet meansspending a lotof timeonline.
This makes many parents worried.They fear therew illbebad influence in the children’sstudies.
Dai said that she usually asks her uncle to take careof her pet,while she isatschool.
Wang Zhao Tong,from Anhui,hasbeen raising a penguin on QQ.com since lastyear.The 14-year-old takesgood of the penguin.
She said her parentsknew about the penguin and thoughtitwasOK.
If the students can keep the balance between studying and playing,it’snotbad for them to“raise”petsonline.
1.(略)
2.What does Dai Ying think of raising pets online?(选项略)
3.Which of the following isNOT TRUE according to the passage?(选项略)
4.Whatdoes the passagemainly talk about?(选项略)
5.(略)
这篇文章谈的是对青少年网上领养宠物的看法,所以问题大多跟“观点”和“看法”有关。这是一篇观点阐述型的材料,读者要初读全文把握整体。解答这样的题目往往要举出文中实例来论证,要学会根据作者的文章走势推测结局,不能主观臆断,要弄清题目问的是谁的观点,然后作答。
例D(2010菏泽升学题)
A man was walking along the street when he saw awoman carrying a large box.Itwas half in and out of her car.So theman went up and said,“The box looksvery heavy.Letmegive you ahand.”
“That’s very kind of you,”the woman said,“I am having a lotof troublew ith it.Maybe itsticks(卡住)in the cardoor.”
“Together we’ll soon move it,”theman said. “I’llgetinand takeotherhand.”And hegotin thecar.
“Right,”theman said.“I’m ready,”and he began to push the box hard.
For severalm inutes,the man and the woman tried tomove thebox.Soon they feltvery tired.
They rested for a moments.Then the woman said,“Let’s try again.One,two,three!”theywent onmoving the box.
At last,when they wereexhausted,the man said,“I’m sorry,but Idon’t think there is any way to get in outofyour car.”
“Get itout?”thewoman cried.“I’m trying to get itin!You know?”
1.2.4.5.(略)
3.Theunderlinedword exhaustedmeans__in Chinese.
A.精疲力竭的 B.激动的C.充满希望的 D.沮丧的
在叙事型的阅读中我们对本身不影响理解的词可以忽略,在该篇中我们不可避免地要猜测exhausted的意思。根据语境的变化,抓住叙述的脉络:Soon they felt very tired.Let’s try again,One,two,three!At last...Iam sorry等可以判断他们用尽了所有的力气,答案选A。这种题考查的多为名词、动词或词组。第一可以根据词的构成,看是否与学过的词有关,是否由学过的词派生而来;第二就是根据上下文来猜测词义,充分利用词的语境综合考虑,确定生词的意义。
三、内容教学与策略教学的比对
在阅读教学工作中,我利用了两个月的时间采用不同的方法对比实验:第一阶段是阅读练习的时候,重视阅读材料的意义,讲解时逐字逐句,不放过任何细小琐碎的知识点和语法,不惜花大气力讲解练习。第二阶段是注重阅读方式和解题方法的指导,抓住作者的考查意图和解题思路,理解意义时该忽略的忽略,该简化的简化,着重方法、策略、能力、观念的改变,让学生活学活用。两种同样的考试题型,两种不同的新旧教学理念,两种不同的教学方式,会收获两种什么样的劳动果实呢?
四、平凡的答案,不平凡的收获
结果第二阶段成绩出来后我发现:学生的阅读理解平均得分普遍提高,总分提高也很显著。我又了解了几个原来一学习英语就头疼的同学,结果出乎意料的是他们竟然说第二套题简单,其实我出第二阶段的题时有意地找了几篇难理解的话题,他们要完全详细地理解翻译是很困难的。当我问一个同学“其实我觉得后来这组题难,你怎么会觉得它简单呢”时,他是这样笑着回答的:“以前不知道怎样做,现在知道怎样做了,就觉得简单。”答案很平凡,笑得很轻松、很开心,他收获了很多。
结束语
“工欲善其事,必先利其器。”只要方法正确,问题就会迎刃而解。在学法指导上教师帮助和指导学生系统地掌握“泛读、快读、略读、细读”等多种方式,以及“审视标题,猜测大意;初读全文,把握整体;推理判断;猜测词义;细读题目,抓住问点”(罗先达、尹世寅、周蓉 2003)五大阅读技巧,这样才能开卷有益,让学生在学习英语的过程中获得成就感,并使这种积极情绪真正迁移到今后的学习中,真正体验学习的乐趣,向英语的珠峰进军。
引用文献
包天仁.2012.英语阅读理解障碍成因分析及对策[C].基础英语教改论坛.
教育部.2005.英语课程标准(实验)[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社.
罗先达,尹世寅,周蓉.2003.课程目标与课程内容、课程的教学设计[M].英语教学实施指南,(46).
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