第一人称叙事法和顺叙法的应用
2014-12-05谷约
谷约
中国的语文老师在讲解课文时,喜欢分析文章的中心思想和段落大意,同时注重分析文章的写作手法和技巧。这种教学方法有利但也有弊,其弊端在于强调用收敛性思维让学生欣赏和模仿范文的结构和语句,导致学生对课文的理解角度单一和公式化,不利于培养他们的发散性思维和批判性思维。但值得肯定的是,中国学生能大量接触到常用的写作技巧,如开门见山、情景交融、首尾呼应、承上启下、托物言志等,也能接触到各类文体类型,如叙述、描写、抒情、议论和说明等。不过,就写作的基本要求和规范而言,英汉两种语言之间并没有太大的差异,有些写作手法和技巧在两种语言中是通用的,比如第一人称叙事法(first person narration)和顺叙法(chronological order)。
第一人称叙事法是以第一人称“我”的视角把文章内容传达给读者,文章中所写内容都是“我”的亲身经历或者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻,给读者一种亲切、真实的感觉,留学文书基本都采用这种写法。但申请者需要注意的是,在写作过程中不能突然引入第二人称(你、你们等)。有许多留学文书从头至尾是以“我”为中心,比如“我”在某次竞赛得了一等奖,“我”远赴非洲宣传艾滋病的防治知识,“我”曾经如何如何,但是行文到结尾处时突然来一句“真心希望到贵校的实验室做研究”。这样一来,第二人称“贵校”就使一篇叙事文章变成了一封信,这是留学文书的大忌,也是申请者易犯的错误。
顺叙法是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情,与事情的实际进展情况相一致,可以使文章条理清楚,脉络分明。采用这一写法时,申请者要注意两点:①主线要清晰,各段之间的衔接要顺畅,不能天马行空,想到什么写什么;②剪裁得当,详略分明,就像一部电影有主角和配角一样,一篇文书也要有详有略,否则就容易出现单一罗列、平铺直叙的毛病,写成流水账。
案例分析
下面我们通过两个案例来谈谈在文书写作中如何运用第一人称叙事法和顺叙法。
文书案例1
申请者N想去英国攻读会计学。她写的留学文书很吸引人,核心结构就是按照顺叙法展开的。下面是申请者提供的中文内容,因版面有限,内容有删节。
我五岁随父亲到英国做生意。在那里,我进入幼儿园,结识了一些英国小朋友。一年半后,我匆匆道别英国,跟父亲回到中国,开始了小学和中学的生活。那时候,我经常在家里的饭桌上听父亲和他的同行谈论国际贸易、财务、税收方面的话题,从而了解到做会计不仅仅是一个数钱、发工资的简单劳动。鉴于中国紧缺具有专业素养、国际视野、双语能力和管理经验的会计师,我选择在大学学会计专业。在大学期间,我为完成一个PowerPoint演示项目,采访了两个正准备去欧洲投资建厂的中国公司高管。在同他们的交流中,我了解到全球各国在理解和执行国际一般公认会计原则(GAAP, generally accepted accounting principles)时存在比较严重的差异,给他们的境外投资带来了诸多麻烦,这件事让我萌发了到英国深造的念头。如果再次回英国,我很想去小时候和父亲租住的寓所看看。
全文主线清晰且衔接顺畅:在英国上幼儿园—在中国读中小学—大学学会计—完成PowerPoint演示项目—决定去英国读研—想回到儿时的英国住所看看。可惜白璧微瑕,在申请者所写的英文稿中,在人称和叙事顺序方面,出现了常见的错误。下文我们举例说明。
错误一:I am an enthusiastic and hard-working person. I love fashion. I have at various times worked as a fashion model in automotive shows. I enjoy interacting with people.
评析:这段文字更像是个人评语,把记叙文变成了说明文或议论文,游离在全文的主线之外,放在哪里都不合适,显得比较突兀。本段的修改方案有两种:一是把这部分删除,二是把主观评价部分删除,重点放在当模特和享受与人互动的部分,并展开详细叙述。当然,申请者还要考虑如何把这段经历和整篇文章以及学会计学的动机有机结合起来。
错误二:I plan to go back to Plymouth, Englands beautiful west country, to see if the house I used to live in near Southside Street is still in good shape, and I might have the luck to encounter our nice land-lady and my childhood friends at the corner in the Fish & Chips joint. I look forward to that day with high anticipation.
I wish that I could turn my dreams and ideas into realities. I hope that I will be accepted by your university.
评析:这两段是文章的结尾段。倒数第二段提到想回儿时在英国的住所看看,正好与文章开头“我”小时候跟随爸爸去英国形成前后呼应,已经是非常好的结束语了,最后一段纯属画蛇添足,应该删去。提醒申请者要注意的是,文书不是信件,不应引入第二人称your university。
文书案例2
许多大学要求申请者根据如下题目写一篇Essay:“Describe the world you come from—for example, your family, community, or school—and tell us how your world has shaped your dreams and aspirations.”题目要求申请者叙述一下成长的环境,讲讲家庭、社区或学校是如何影响自己,让自己怀揣梦想、胸怀大志的。以下是申请者J针对这个题目写的中文原稿,文章虽有瑕疵,但整体质量不错,可以给正在或将要动手写留学文书的学生一些启发。因版面关系,文章有删节。
我来自一个热爱广播的家庭。小时候与祖辈生活在一起,受生活条件所限,姥爷的中波收音机是一个主要的信息来源。虽然我不太懂里面播出的大部分内容,但我会在一旁静静地听着。五六岁时,我回到父母身边。因为他们工作忙,每天放学后我都会在传达室等他们来接我。传达室中笨重的调频录音机总是开着,于是我就在传达室中收听广播。长大后,我和表哥的联系逐渐增多。表哥是一个广播迷,因为他住在郊区,为了收听到音质更好的广播,他在他的小型调频收音机上增加了一条线延伸到窗外。他喜欢听“零点乐话”节目,还时常写信给他们。在初一那年,我有了自己的调频收音机,是一个小型便携式收音机,我也开始收听每周日的“零点乐话”,那时已经允许听众打电话给节目留言。初三那年,我的便携式收音机被数字收音机取代,每晚我把它开启,放在床头,通过数字键就可以准确地调到想要收听的节目。高一时,我的数字收音机被手机取代,晚上我会用手机听广播。高二时,电台开通了网络收听广播,还有视频直播,更有广播回放的功能,可以点播已经播过的节目。我喜爱的“零点乐话”栏目也新增加了邮件和微博这两种互动方式,在白天我也会登录节目的论坛和在线听众聊天。
从写信到电话留言,再到手机短信和网络留言,从沙沙作响的中波收音机到清楚许多的调频收音机,再到能准确调台的数字收音机和可以回放的网络电台,我认识到这一切的变化都是因为电子技术的快速发展。
看着十多年前姥爷使用的中波收音机,我想他老人家如果还健在的话,就可以上网反复收听他喜欢的评书节目了。而对我来讲,我也愿意通过自己的学习收听来自更远的地区的广播。
文章运用第一人称和顺叙法,以“我”和“我的家人”为主,全文按照“小时候—五六岁—逐渐长大—初中—高中”的时间顺序展开,讲述了老百姓的生活,折射出一个时代的变迁,同时又和自己喜欢的电子和媒体技术专业紧密结合,可谓佳作。英文参考范文如下。
I come from a family of avid (热衷的) radio listeners. I used to live with my grandparents, whose medium-wave radio was their only source of information besides newspapers. My grandpas favorite was a story-telling and ballad singing program. It was a long series that was broadcast once a day with no reruns, so Grandpa had to adjust the radio knob constantly to get the best reception. The reception was not always good, however. Static noise was a nuisance, but that did not stop Grandpa from listening very intently. I knew when he was listening I was not supposed to interrupt.
评析:申请者开门见山地道出文章的中心内容是听广播,同时又明确提示读者这篇文章是按照顺叙法来写的。为了避免平铺直叙,这里生动地描写了中波收音机收听效果不理想的问题,为下文的技术演变做好了铺垫。
At about age 6, I left my grandparents and returned back to Mom and Dad. My parents were often busy, so I had to wait a long time, sometimes hours, before they would pick me up from school. The school custodian (看门人) would keep a watchful eye on me in his gatehouse while listening to his rather clumsy looking FM radio. At home, in the evening, I would tune in to listen to my favorite childrens stories.
As I grew older, I became close to my cousin, who had a portable FM radio, which he prized more than anything else. Because he lived on the outskirts of Beijing, the signals were weak. He made his own antenna (天线): a wire that went all the way out through the window. His listening habits were different in that he preferred interactive programs involving listener participation and feedback. He would write to the radio talk-show host and be thrilled for days on end when the host mentioned his name in the program.
I had my own radio, very much like my cousins, when I entered middle school. And like my cousin, I too became a regular listener of the same talk-show. The only difference was that now the host would take phone calls or phone messages, making the program much more accessible to the audience.
Then I had a digital radio in my third year at middle school. It was always at my bedside. In the evenings as I wound down, I turned on the radio and marveled at the audio quality, so crisp and so clear.
The digital radio was soon replaced by my cell phone when I entered high school. I used it more as a radio than a mobile phone. I could tune in wherever I went. I continued to listen to the same talk-show host, but instead of calling the host, I text-messaged him like most of the other younger listeners.
My sophomore year at high school saw the explosion of online products offering brand-new listening experiences: Live video streaming, microblogging, podcasting, and chatting all became available to me at my fingertips. I made friends not just from Beijing but throughout the country and sometimes from abroad through online sharing and meetings. The world has indeed become a village.
评析:上述几段均具有如下特点:①段落首句点明文章在叙述顺序上是随时间逐渐推进的;②行文表现出随着时间的推进,广播的接收器和听众的收听方式也在不断地变化;③申请者在文字方面主要突出“我”对广播电子产品和广播收听体验的熟悉程度,字里行间没有任何自我赞美之词,却非常巧妙地体现出“广播伴我成长”以及“我”对广播专业的知识和技术非常在行。
I just wish my grandpa was still alive! He would be impressed with the electronic technologies that have transformed my life and the lives of my generation. My generation has benefitted from technological development; it is up to us to make things even better.
评析:文章以祖父和广播技术开始,又以祖父和广播技术结尾,达到了前后呼应的效果。最后两句写出了自己的梦想和抱负(dreams and aspirations),紧扣自己的学习动机,非常好地回答了Essay的题目要求。