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花色苷在体内的药理活性及其作用机制研究进展

2014-12-03韵,董全,2,*

食品工业科技 2014年10期
关键词:花色氧化应激胰岛素

郑 韵,董 全,2,*

(1.西南大学食品科学学院,重庆400715;2.西南大学国家食品科学与工程实验教学示范中心,重庆400715)

花色苷是一类属于天然植物次级代谢产物的酚类化合物,它赋予果蔬诱人的色彩。纵观各方面的研究报道,花色苷具有抗氧化、防治癌症、保护心血管、降血糖、降血脂、保护大脑和神经、抗衰老等多种生物活性[1]。在人体内,花色苷通过肠粘膜吸收进入血液,再经血液循环到达身体各个部位作用于不同的靶器官,同时花色苷也能作为一种外用制剂保护身体免受损伤[2]。高度的安全性和多样的生物活性使其在天然色素研究领域成为炙手可热的一员,也因此有可能成为天然药物的直接来源。但口服花色苷的生理活性一直备受质疑[3],故本文在近几年研究成果的基础上,针对花色苷在体内的药理作用,对其作用机理进行综述,并提出其在未来研究中的发展方向。

1 保护心血管

心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)[4]是心脏和血管病变引起的一类循环系统疾病。相关的体内研究报告显示,花色苷具有降血脂、抗高血压、降低胆固醇、抗炎、抗血小板聚集、抑制低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化、抗氧化应激、调节信号通路等[5-7]多种与CVD相关的药理活性。

在多项体内实验中,花色苷能够明显提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)含量[8],同时抑制甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)的升高[9]。Yang等[5]认为,花色苷可能是在抗氧化活性基础上抑制脂质过氧化物的形成,并且通过抑制高血脂症[10]减缓动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)进程进而发挥保护心血管的作用。花色苷类化合物通过清除自由基和抗氧化作用,能对自由基诱发的生物大分子损伤起到保护作用,维持细胞膜的流动性和蛋白质的构型构象,具有明显抑制高血脂等CVD的功效[9]。其分子机理在于它抑制了体内自由基产生的3个途径:其一,与O2-·反应阻止自由基的引发;第二,与金属离子鳌合阻止·OH生成;第三,与过氧游离基(ROO·)反应削弱脂质过氧化进程[11-12]。有研究者[13]对此表达了不同的观点,从另一角度阐述了不同的作用机理,提出花色苷能够改善脂质和糖类代谢异常似乎与酚类物质的代谢产物能够刺激肠道内酶活性有关。而在一些人体临床实验中[14-15],摄入花色苷后HDL-C升高同时LDL-C降低,可能是由于花色苷抑制了胆固醇酯转移蛋白(cholesterol ester transfer protein,CETP)活性。而CETP在最近的研究中被认为是治疗AS等CVD的新方向[16],由此推测这可能是花色苷对抗CVD的又一有效机制。

花色苷能够减少体内与炎症相关的标记物质,如C-反应蛋白(CRP)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)等[17],这就表明它可以减少CVD相关炎症的发生。花色苷被认为能够产生有效的心血管保护效应,一部分原因就来自于它的抗炎活性,这是目前较为明确的一种作用机制,但大部分相关内容建立在体外实验[18-19]基础上,所以花色苷基于抗炎作用对CVD起到保护功效的作用机制还需进行大量的体内实验研究。

最近有研究显示单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)的激活对心血管疾病产生积极的调节作用[20],一些新型药物即是通过激活AMPK发挥治疗CVD的作用[21]。花色苷有可能凭借激活AMPK的机制[22]成为治疗CVD的天然药物来源。

2 抗糖尿病及其并发症

糖尿病(diabetes mellitus)的发病机制十分复杂,同时伴随着一系列高风险并发症。近年来的研究已经证明花色苷具有多种抗糖尿病活性,其中主要包括降低血糖、糖尿和糖基化血红蛋白值(glycated hemoglobin,HbA1c),防止自由基产生,增加胰岛素分泌,改善胰岛素抵抗等[23-24]。

控制血糖是目前治疗糖尿病的最常见手段,药物治疗的作用方式主要是降低血糖或抑制糖吸收。Rojo等[25]研究马奇果(Aristotelia chilensis)花色苷防治糖尿病时提出,摄入花色苷后胰岛素的分泌增加,使骨骼肌和肝脏中胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢得以改善,这与某些口服降糖药通过刺激胰腺β细胞释放胰岛素进而发挥疗效相类似[26-27],但也不能排除存在其他的作用方式。另据报道[21-22],花色苷能激活AMPK进而调整白色脂肪组织(white adipose tissue,WAT)和骨骼肌中葡萄糖转运蛋白4(Glut4)含量[28]、干预葡萄糖转运和脂类代谢[29],显著抑制肝糖原异生和葡萄糖转运,可改善高血糖症状和胰岛素的敏感性,而一些治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的药物正是通过激活AMPK发挥药效的[30]。

并发症是糖尿病致死的重要因素[31],高血糖介导的氧化应激在糖尿病并发症中起着至关重要的作用[32],因此改善氧化应激状态是预防糖尿病相关病变的重要手段。相关研究表明[33],花色苷(cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside)通过干预依赖PKA-CREB信号通路诱导下的谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(glutamatecysteine ligase catalyticsubunit,GCLC)基因的表达,使糖尿病瘦素受体缺陷型(db/db)小鼠肝脏内的谷胱甘肽(GSH)[34]合成增加,同时由脂质过氧化、中性脂肪粒浸润和肝脂肪变性引起的氧化应激均有所缓解,说明花色苷通过一种新的抗氧化防御机制抑制过剩的ROS生成,同时具有激活GSH合成的效果,因此有助于预防高血糖引起的肝氧化损坏。虽然胰岛素是控制血糖最有效的药物,但目前有大量的研究发现,它或许是糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retionopathy,DR)的高危险因素[35],因此迫切需要开发胰岛素替代药物或相关的辅助治疗药物,所以无毒副作用的花色苷在此领域的应用值得深入探讨。

3 抗癌活性

癌症已成为威胁人类健康最可怕的杀手[36]。花色苷作为一种天然活性物质,无疑成为天然抗癌活性物质的开发热点。它的抗癌活性也在动物实验中得到验证[37-38],只是在人体内的具体作用机制尚不十分明确。

一些流行病学研究发现了花色苷对人类胃肠道癌症风险有预防作用。向氧化偶氮甲烷(AOM)诱导的结肠癌模型大鼠的膳食中添加花色苷后,DNA损伤减少[43],AOM诱导的畸变隐窝灶有所缓解[39],可能与抑制细胞增殖和COX-2基因的表达有关。在肠道癌Apcmin模型小鼠的研究中,花色苷提取物能显著减少肠道癌肿瘤数量[40],并发现花色苷调节PI3和MAP激酶信号通路,从而影响Akt和ERK蛋白质的表达[41]。黑加仑皮(Ribes nigrum L.)中的花色苷[41]对二乙基亚硝胺(DENA)和苯巴比妥(PB)诱导的肝癌大鼠具有明显的化学预防作用,Bishayee等在研究中发现,向实验大鼠膳食中添加花色苷后肝癌大鼠的细胞调亡加速,检测到在翻译水平上Bax的表达上调同时下调了Bcl-2的表达。综合来看,花色苷主要是通过抑制酶活力、调节信号途径等方式,阻断致癌作用的启动、抑制肿瘤细胞分化和增殖、诱导细胞凋亡、减少DNA损伤、抑制DNA加合物形成、抗血管生成等[42-45]对癌症起到化学预防的作用。但这些理论多是在体外细胞水平的基础上提出的[46-47],它们在体内的有效性还需通过大量的实验进行验证。同时,与动物体内实验不同,人体流行病学研究未充分显示出花色苷的抗癌活性[48-49],由此看来花色苷对人类癌症是否具有治疗效果还有待进一步研究。

4 神经退行疾病

神经退行性疾病(Neurodegenerative diseases, ND)是一类急性或慢性的神经系统疾病。近年来,花色苷类成分作为天然草本植物的药物来源,对其表现出广泛的药效范围[50-51]。

神经炎症是ND重要的病理特征之一[52],花色苷具有抑制ND中过度的炎症反应以及前炎症因子的过度表达的作用。早有研究[53]显示花色苷通过阻断c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和p53信号途径减少大鼠脑缺血损伤和与年龄相关的神经功能缺损。Jeong等[54]从黑大豆种皮中分离出的花色苷能够显著抑制炎性介质如NO和PGE2,以及促炎细胞因子,包括肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)。这些发现均说明,花色苷在治疗伴随有小胶质细胞活化的炎症和神经退化症具有很大的潜力。

氧化应激导致ROS和自由基水平过高,也是引起ND的重要因素。最近的研究[55-56]显示花色苷帮助清除大脑内过剩的自由基,通过抗氧化作用有效改善氧化应激状态下实验对象的认知功能。Sasaki等[57]研究发现,紫甘薯花色苷通过调节与神经可塑性相关和与能量代谢相关的蛋白质的表达,增强了保护神经的抗氧化效力,最终发挥改善SAMP8小鼠学习记忆能力的作用,并且这个结论在另一项抑制回避实验[58]中得到了验证。

此外,内质网应激(Endoplasmic reticulum,ER)引起的ND是近年来研究的热点内容[59]。花色苷具有雌激素活性,可通过加强雌激素受体α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)介导的线粒体生物合成信号,抑制小鼠海马体内内质网应激通路,削弱软骨藻酸引起的认知缺陷[60]。花色苷在此领域的研究鲜见报道,具有很大的发挥空间。

5 结论

花色苷类化合物不仅是优质的天然色素物质,其广泛的药理活性也备受关注。近年来,随着人们对食品安全性和保健性的重视,花色苷对人体的健康益处不断被挖掘出来,在防治多种疾病方面呈现出活跃的生物活性。与药物治疗不同,花色苷使疾病的生理指标维持在应有的正常水平上,而不只是针对单独的生理指标使其无限制的降低,这种优势使花色苷的药理作用比化学药物治疗更具意义。尽管如此,花色苷类物质在人体内的吸收代谢与生物活性的综合研究还很欠缺,并且花色苷类化合物种类繁多,其结构和生物活性也存在差异,因此应用于临床治疗仍为时尚早。人体是一个复杂的生化反应器,综合考量花色苷进入人体后的复杂变化以及各个环节的联系,对花色苷的药理活性是具有实际指导意义的。因此,结合不同来源、不同结构的花色苷类物质,针对其在人体内的代谢、吸收和有效成分作为整体进行研究,将成为此领域的研究重点。

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