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再议引述动词的使用问题

2014-10-20解芳

新校园·中旬刊 2014年9期

解芳

摘 要:引述动词即那些能够把直接引语转换成间接引语的动词。正确使用引出直接引语或间接引语的引述动词非常重要。

关键词:引述动词;直接引语;间接引语

英语中的直接引语在变为间接引语时,主要有人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语五大变化。对这五大变化,教材和一般语法书都有详细的论述,而对引出直接引语或间接引语的引述动词的变化和使用却很少提及。本文试图谈谈这种动词使用中的几个问题。

1.主语和引述动词所构成的引述分句,在引出直接引语时,可以位于直接引语之前、之中、之后。而在引出间接引语时,总是位于间接引语之前。例如:

He said,“Are you interested in English?”

他说:“你对英语感兴趣吗?”

He said that he had told me that news.

他说他告诉了我那个消息。

2.当主语和引述动词所构成的引述分句位于直接引语之中或之后时,主语和作谓语的引述动词的词序可以是正常词序,也可以是倒装词序。例如:

“Now,class,”the teacher asked.“Look at the picture!”

“喂,同学们,”老师要求说,“看图画!”

“Dont you know I am one of you?”asked the bat.

“难道你不知道我也是你们中的一员?”蝙蝠问道。

注意:如果作为谓语的引述动词,紧跟有宾语时,引述分句一般用正常语序。例如:

Wrong:“Are you feeling very well today?”asked me my mother.

Right:“Are you feeling very well today?”my mother asked me.

“你今天感到好些了吗?”我母亲问我。

另外,引述动词有状语修饰时,尽管引述分句可以用到装语序,但通常却多用正常语序。例如:

“Really?”the gentlemen said in surprise.

“是真的吗?”那位先生吃惊地说道。

3.直接引语变间接引语时,引述动词的变化有以下几种情况:

(1)直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,其引述动词一般不变。例如:

He promised,“Ill come to see you tomorrow.”

他答应说:“明天我将来看你。”

He promised that he would come to see me the next day.

他答应第二天来看我。

(2)直接引语是疑问句,引述动词是ask,inquire,demand等表示问话的动词;直接引语是祈使句,引述动词是tell,beg,order等包含吩咐、命令、建议等意味的动词;直接引语是感叹句,引述动词是explain,say,tell,remark等动词。这类情况下,直接引语变为间接引语时,一般引述动词不改变。例如:

“They dont live in groups,do they?”he asked.

“他们不在一起住,对吗?”他问道。

He asked whether they lived in groups.

他问他们是否在一起住。

“How well he looks!”she said.

她说:“他看上去身体多健康啊!”

He said how well he looked.

她说他看上去身体是多么健康。

(3)直接引语是疑问句,如果引述动词是say,cry等不表示问话的动词,变为间接引语时,引述动词要变为ask,inquire,demand或wonder等。例如:

“Does Xiao Li really mean it?”he said.

他说:“小李真是这个意思吗?”

He wondered whether if Xiao Li really meant it.

他想知道小李是否真有这个意思。

4.say to sb.和tell不仅可以引出直接引语,而且可以引出间接引语。例如:

He said to us,”Can you speak English?”

他对我们说:“你们能讲英语吗?”

“How brave you are!”he told me.

“你是多么勇敢!”他对我说。

He told me that he had his lunch.

他告诉我他已吃过午饭了。

5.直接引语是以let开头,表示建议、提议或劝告的祈使句。

变为间接引语时,可选用以下几种句型:

(1)“suggest+that”从句(或+V-ing形式)。例如:

Marie Curie said,“Lets go down there for a moment.”

玛丽·居里说:“我们去那儿呆一会儿。”

此句可变为:

Marie Curie suggested that they should go down there for a moment.

(2)“ask sb.to let...”例如:

“Della,”he said,“Lets put our Christmas gifts away and keep

them a while.”

“德拉,”他说,“咱们把圣诞节的礼物暂时收起来存着吧。”

此句可变为:

He asked Della to let them put their Christmas gift away and keep awhile.

(3)“offer+不定式”。例如:

“One moment----let me show you out,sir,”said the owner.

“请您稍等一会儿,——我送您出去,先生。”老板说道。

此句可变为:

The owner asked Henry to wait a moment and he offered to show him to the door.

(4)“urge/advise+宾语从句”(谓语中含有should)。例如:

The Party secretary said,“Lets do our best to win still greater victory.”

党支书说:“让我们尽最大努力,以赢得更大的胜利。”

此句可以变为:

The Party secretary urged that we should do our best to win still greater victory.