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陶瓷专业英语中的语句特征

2014-08-15胡溯帆

陶瓷研究 2014年1期
关键词:被动语态专业英语被动

胡溯帆

(江西陶瓷工艺美术职业技术学院 景德镇市 333001)

近年来,国际陶瓷工业发展迅速,新的科研和技术层出不穷。我们越来越多地接触到最新的英文的资讯。阅读过程中,能否快速准确地捕捉到原文的主旨和意思,取决于你对陶瓷专业英语语句特征的了解。一般说来,专业读物注重事实,表达严谨,阐述问题时逻辑严密,说理清晰,因而导致复杂的句子结构。在许多陶瓷专业文献和资料中,大量使用被动语态、从句和非谓语动词,致使句式复杂,长句多,这些都是阅读者需要面对的挑战。

我们先来看看被动句的运用。被动句在英汉语中都存在,但在使用频率和措辞方面却有很大差别,因而在许多情况下英汉语被动句的翻译并不总是对应的。陶瓷专业英语中,被动语态的使用极为广泛,几乎随处可见:

例1. Ceramic raw material are constituted by various non-metallic minerals and chemicals. (陶瓷原料由各种非金属矿物质和化工原料组成。)

例2 The composition and preparation of actual ceramic stains or colorants is influenced by a number of considerations derived from the decorative method for which they are to be used and possible action that may occur on them in the finished article.(事实上,陶瓷色料或着色剂的组成和制备要受到许多因素的影响,要考虑到所要使用的装饰方法以及在成品陶瓷上可能发生的反应。)

上面2个例句,将原文中“被”的含义,转译成了我们更习惯用的“由”或“受”的意义。这类句子,从语法上讲是主动句,但就意义看,其主语却是逻辑上的承受着,表示的是被动意义。

例3.The clay may be defined as an earthy material substance composed largely of anhydrous silicate of alumina which becomes plastic when wet and hard and rock like when fired. (我们可以将粘土定义为一种主要有无水硅酸盐组成的土质原料,这种土质原料在湿润的时候变得有塑性,烧制后变得坚硬如石。)

此句将原句中的主语翻成宾语,同时增补泛指性的词(我们、人们、大家),将原句翻成主动形式。这类句子重点在谓语和宾语,而不是主语。

汉语中有大量的无主语的句子。它们并非被动句,也不含被动意义,一般表示客观事实,不带个人色彩。这跟英语被动句注重叙述事实的特点相符,常把它们用于被动句的翻译上。如:

例4. There has been proposed an arbitrary line of demarcation, namely that the underglazed product, such as has been described, which absorbs not more than 1%of its weight upon and after immersion in water, shall be termed porcelain, otherwise it shall be called earthware.(已经提出了一个人为的划分界限,即:象已经提过的,浸在水中和浸过水后,吸收水分不超过其自身重量1%的无釉陶瓷制品称为瓷器,否则就称为陶器。)

在下面的例5和例6中,作为动作承受者的主语不变,谓语却由被动语态直接翻译成含有被动意义的主动语态,这样更符合汉语的语法习惯,并不会导致对原文的误解:

例5. Mechanics of materials can be defined as branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected too various types of loading. (材料力学可定义为应用力学的一个分支,它研究固体材料在遭受不同的外力时的反应。)

例6. Designs and colors may be placed, as is commonly done, on the glaze and refired, or as less commonly and more recently with fine effect, directly on the body under the glaze, in which case the glaze when produced covers and protect both of the ware and the decoration. (采用通用的做法,装饰图案和色彩是施在釉上,然后将其重新烧成,最近有一种不常用却效果良好的一种作法,即直接把装饰图案和色料施在釉下的陶坯上,在这种情况下,所生成的釉层能够保护坯体及装饰层。)

由此可见,在处理不同的被动句时,其翻译方法也各有不同,在对原文充分理解的前提下,不同的情况,区别对待,灵活掌握。

在专业英语中,被动语句还常常用下列句型来表达:

It is asserted that … (有人主张…)

It is believed that … (有人认为…)

It is well-known that … (众所周知…)

It is generally considered that … (人们/大家认为…)

It is said that… (据说…)

It is reported that… (据报道…)

It is supposed that… (据推测…)

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that …(可以毫不夸张地说….)

It must be admired / admitted that … (必须承认…)

It will be seen from this that … (由此可见….)

除大量使用被动句以外,陶瓷专业英语读物中,带有复合结构(尤其是定语从句)的长句也屡见不鲜,这些句子里,短语和从句相互搭配、相互修饰,翻译时常使人感到头绪纷繁、无所适从。如:

例7. The Chinese use of the term porcelain at this time included not only the “pure” porcelain but also those with gray and dusky bodies which had been fired to such a state of vitrification that they emitted a musical note. (这时期,在中国,瓷器这术语不仅仅包括“纯白色的”白瓷,也包括灰色和暗色的陶瓷品,那陶瓷品被烧成完全玻璃化,所以当敲打时会发出清脆悦耳的声音。)

例8. Their ceramic properties are subject to the wide variation among different occurrences depending upon the geological environment in which mineral deposits were formed and physical and chemical modification that have taken place during subsequent geological history. (与矿物形成的地质环境有关的各种情况的变化,以及在随后的地质演变过程中所发生的物理和化学变化的变化,都会影响到性质。)

例9. The term refractories in its common uses designates that class of ceramic raw materials which are resistant to melting and deformation at very high temperature. (耐火材料这个术语通常是指那类在高温不易熔化、不变形的陶瓷原料。)

例10. The term Kaoling is derived from the Chinese word “KAOLING” which is a name of a hill in China from where the clay was used for making porcelain for the first time. (高岭土这个术语源于汉语“高岭”,“高岭”是中国境内的一座小山的名字,在那里人们首先用粘土制作瓷器。 )

上面这4个句子中的划线部分,都包括了2个从句,整个句子层次众多,结构缜密。在遇到这类的句子时,一定要冷静,辨明句子的主次结构,突出主句框架,确定修饰和被修饰间的关系,分解归类,化繁为简,逐层推进,看懂原文意思就不会太难。此外,多读多训练是提高阅读能力的捷径。

前面的例2、例3、例4和例6也都属于这类句子。

此外,非谓语动词也频频出现陶瓷专业英语中,它们的运用,使本来长而复杂的句子结构变得言简意赅、句法明了,因而,非谓语是科技英语表达中不可或缺的一部分。如:

例11. They must withstand the temperature of the glost firing without reacting with the glaze and thereby appearing to run. (它们必须能经受住釉烧的温度,不至于与釉发生化学反应而看起来要出现流釉。)

例12. In the case of clay refractories, it is customary to use prefired clay or crushed, fired rejects to increase the density and to reduce the firing shrinkage.(就粘土耐火材料来说,通常的作法是采用预烧过的粘土或经粉碎和培烧过的废料以增加耐火材料的密度,降低烧结收缩率。)

例13.If one keeps on heating up such a material, one eventually reached a temperature at which the crystalline area melt; this temperature is known as Tm and represents the melting point of the crystalline phase. (如果你继续加热这种材料,最终会达到结晶区域熔化的温度,这个温度就叫做熔点(Tm),它是晶相开始熔化的温度。)

例2中的“derived、finished” ,例3中的“composed、fired”,例6中的“ produced”和 例10中的“making”都是非谓语运用的实例。

总的来说,在阅读陶瓷相关的外文书籍和资料时,要充分认识到专业科技文献所特有的逻辑性、正确性、精密型和专业性等特点,力求从原文所包含的专业技术方面去加以理解,同时对其语句特点做到心中有数,通过一定数量的阅读,积累阅读经验,掌握一些翻译技巧,达到正确理解原文主旨和内容的阅读目的。

《英汉语比较与科技翻译》 周志培 冯文池 华东理工大学出版社

《无机非金属材料专业英语阅读教程》 魏万德主编武汉大学出版社

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