白三烯受体拮抗剂对吸烟哮喘患者病情控制的影响
2014-07-09李剑赵晓宇吴泰华
李剑++赵晓宇++吴泰华
【摘要】 目的:探讨白三烯受体拮抗剂对吸烟哮喘患者病情控制的影响。方法:选取2013年3-12月在门诊就诊的110例吸烟哮喘患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组54例和观察组56例。对照组给予吸入糖皮质激素(布地奈德)治疗,必要时吸入β2受体激动剂;观察组在此治疗基础上加用孟鲁司特钠治疗,疗程4周。观察比较两组治疗前后哮喘控制测试(ACT)评分、哮喘症状评分、晨间及夜间呼气峰流速(PEF)。结果:观察组治疗后ACT评分、晨间及夜间PEF%pred均明显高于治疗前及对照组,且哮喘症状评分明显低于治疗前及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对照组治疗前后各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:白三烯受体拮抗剂能够使吸烟哮喘患者的病情控制得到改善,可能是治疗吸烟哮喘患者的一种有效药物。
【关键词】 哮喘; 吸烟; 糖皮质激素; 白三烯受体拮抗剂
Impact of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist on the Disease Control of Smoking Asthmatic Patients/LI Jian,ZHAO Xiao-yu,WU Tai-hua.//Medical Innovation of China,2014,11(16):004-006
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the impact of leukotriene receptor antagonist on the disease control of smoking asthmatic patients.Method:110 smoking asthmatic patients in the outpatient clinic from March 2013 to December 2013 were selected.They were randomly divided into the control group for 54 cases and the treatment group for 56 cases according to the random number table method.The control group was treated with inhaled corticosteroid(budesonide),and inhaled β2 agonist when necessary.The treatment group was treated with montelukast sodium for 4 weeks on the basis of the control group.Asthma Control Test (ACT) score,asthma-symptom score and morning and night PEF were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Result:The ACT score,morning and night PEF%pred of the treatment group after treatment were significantly higher than before treatment and the control group,asthma-symptom score after treatment was significantly lower than before treatment and the control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).In the control group,the indicators before and after treatment comparison difference had no statistical significance(P>0.05).Conclusion:Leukotriene receptor antagonist can improve the control of disease,may be an effective drug in the treatment of smoking asthmatic patients.
【Key words】 Asthma; Smoking; Corticosteroid; Leukotriene receptor antagonist
First-authors address:Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University,Dalian 116021,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.16.002
全球成人哮喘患者吸烟情况非常普遍,包括主动吸烟和在烟草烟雾环境中暴露的被动吸烟。美国和欧洲国家哮喘患者的吸烟率高达20%~35%,而在急诊就诊的哮喘患者中就有35%是吸烟者[1-3]。吸烟促进白三烯生成与释放增多,白三烯是哮喘发病机制中最重要的炎性介质之一,通过与受体的结合在哮喘的发生发展中起着至关重要的作用,而且吸烟使哮喘患者对糖皮质激素治疗的疗效下降,因此吸烟哮喘患者的临床症状更难控制,激素治疗效果更差。白三烯受体拮抗剂通过阻断白三烯与相应受体的结合而发挥作用,本文旨在研究白三烯受体拮抗剂(孟鲁司特钠)对吸烟哮喘患者病情控制的影响,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.3 监测指标及评分标准
1.3.1 ACT评分 评估过去4周中哮喘日间、夜间症状,对日常生活的影响及哮喘急救药物使用情况等。共有5个问题,每个问题按严重程度分为1~5分,最后相加计算出ACT总分,达到25分为完全控制,20~24分之间为部分控制,小于20分为未控制。
1.3.2 哮喘症状评分 患者每日对过去24 h中日间、夜间的哮喘症状进行评估。(1)日间症状:0分:无任何哮喘症状;1分:有1次短暂的气喘、呼吸困难;2分:有2次或以上短暂的气喘、呼吸困难;3分:经常有气喘、呼吸困难,不影响日常活动;4分:经常有气喘、呼吸困难,影响日常活动;5分:哮喘症状严重,不能工作、学习或日常活动。(2)夜间症状:0分:无任何哮喘症状;1分:夜间憋醒1次或早醒;2分:夜间憋醒2次或以上(包括早醒);3分:夜间经常憋醒,尚可入睡;4分:夜间呼吸困难严重,无法入睡。日间症状+夜间症状为哮喘症状得分。
1.3.3 PEF测定 指导患者正确使用峰流速仪(上海丸博科技有限公司生产)的方法,同时为每位患者确立PEF预计值;每日早6:00~7:00时和晚18:00~19:00时、应用药物前患者进行PEF测定,须站立测定,每次测定3遍,取最大值记录于哮喘日记。
1.4 统计学处理 2 结果
2.1 两组治疗前后ACT评分、哮喘症状评分比较 经过4周随访后,观察组治疗后ACT评分明显高于治疗前及对照组,且哮喘症状评分明显低于治疗前及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组治疗前后各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组治疗前后PEF测定结果的比较 观察组治疗后的晨间、夜间PEF%pred均明显高于治疗前及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而对照组治疗前后晨间、夜间PEF%pred比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。
3 讨论
哮喘的发病率和死亡率在全球呈逐年上升趋势,而且吸烟情况在成人哮喘患者中较为常见,吸烟者哮喘患病危险性增加近3倍[6]。吸烟哮喘患者急性发作次数比非吸烟哮喘患者增多,去医院急诊就诊的次数也相应增多,与吸烟的严重程度明显呈正相关[7]。
目前哮喘最有效的治疗药物是糖皮质激素,吸烟使哮喘患者对糖皮质激素治疗的敏感性下降[8-9]。本研究结果说明,对照组的吸烟哮喘患者吸入糖皮质激素治疗后,ACT评分、哮喘症状评分及晨间、夜间PEF测定结果均未见显著改善,说明吸烟哮喘患者激素治疗效果差。哮喘患者气道内中性粒细胞增多时,吸入糖皮质激素对过敏原引起的气道嗜酸粒细胞性炎症的抑制作用明显减弱。吸烟哮喘患者的气道炎症以中性粒细胞浸润为主,且中性粒细胞凋亡减少,激素受体表达改变,可能导致了其对糖皮质激素治疗不敏感[10-11]。吸烟使哮喘更难以得到控制,且加重肺功能的恶化和增加医疗资源的使用,吸烟已成为难治性哮喘的诱因之一[12]。
吸烟使哮喘患者肥大细胞内的磷脂酶A2活化,促进花生四烯酸的释放与转移,再通过激活的5-脂氧酶作用催化花生四烯酸氧化,导致白三烯的生成与释放增多[13]。白三烯是哮喘发病中最重要的炎症介质之一,通过与其受体的结合,可以使气道黏膜内嗜酸性粒细胞聚集,导致气道平滑肌收缩;使微血管通透性增加,导致气道黏膜水肿,黏液分泌增多;促进杯状细胞、气道平滑肌细胞、气道上皮细胞、成纤维细胞等结构细胞增殖,参与气道重构[14]。
白三烯受体拮抗剂可与支气管平滑肌等部位上的受体选择性结合,从而竞争性地阻断白三烯的作用。本研究结果显示,观察组吸烟哮喘患者在孟鲁司特钠联合吸入糖皮质激素治疗后,ACT评分、晨间PEF及夜间PEF指标均明显高于治疗前及对照组,哮喘症状评分明显低于治疗前及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),这说明吸烟哮喘患者的病情控制、肺功能得到显著改善。吸烟降低了哮喘患者对糖皮质激素的治疗反应性,而糖皮质激素又不能抑制患者体内白三烯的生成与释放,因此白三烯受体拮抗剂在吸烟哮喘患者的治疗中发挥着重要的作用。白三烯受体拮抗剂应用起来更便捷且与常规吸入治疗一样有效,在体内对吸烟引起的肺损伤亦具有保护作用,白三烯受体拮抗剂可能是治疗吸烟哮喘患者的一种有效药物[15-16]。
吸烟哮喘患者的治疗原则包括戒烟和药物控制。一方面呼吸科医师应加强教育,努力使患者停止吸烟;另一方面对于戒烟失败的患者,应给予有效的药物治疗措施。本次研究入选样本量偏少,应筛选更多的研究对象,进一步研究白三烯受体拮抗剂在吸烟哮喘患者中的治疗效果。
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[14]杨琤瑜,杨冬,叶伶,等.吸烟对成人哮喘控制及气道炎性反应的影响[J].中国临床医学,2013,20(2):138-140.
[15] Price D,Musgrave S D,Shepstone L,et al.Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,364(18):1695-1707.
[16] Yuksel H,Ozbilgin K,Coskun S,et al.Protective effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast on smoking-induced lung injury in Wistar rats[J].Acta Med Okayama,2003,57(1):13-20.
(收稿日期:2014-04-11) (本文编辑:欧丽)
[7] Gallefoss F,Bakke P S.Does smoking affect the outcome of patient education and self-management in asthmatics?[J].Patient Educ Couns,2003,49(1):91-97.
[8] Rider C F,King E M,Holden N S,et al.Inflammatory stimuli inhibit glucocorticoid-dependent transactivation in human pulmonary epithelial cells:rescue by long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2011,338(3):860-869.
[9]张莉,杜永成,许建英,等.吸烟对支气管哮喘患者吸人糖皮质激素治疗的影响[J].国际呼吸杂志,2012,32(19):1441-1445.
[10] Adenuga D,Yao H,March T H,et al.Histone deacetylase 2 is phosphorylated,ubiquitinated,and degraded by cigarette smoke[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2009,40(4):464-473.
[11] Li L,Leung D Y M,Martin R J,et al.Inhibition of histone deacetylase 2 expression by elevated glucocorticoid receptor β in steroid-resistant asthma[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2010,182(7):877-883.
[12]山晓茵,王慧敏.支气管哮喘吸烟者的发病机制及激素治疗效果[J].国际呼吸杂志,2012,32(20):1591-1593.
[13] Saareks V,Riutta A,Alanko J,et al.Clinical pharmacology of eicosanoids nicotine induced changes in man[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2000,51(4 pt 1):631-642.
[14]杨琤瑜,杨冬,叶伶,等.吸烟对成人哮喘控制及气道炎性反应的影响[J].中国临床医学,2013,20(2):138-140.
[15] Price D,Musgrave S D,Shepstone L,et al.Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,364(18):1695-1707.
[16] Yuksel H,Ozbilgin K,Coskun S,et al.Protective effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast on smoking-induced lung injury in Wistar rats[J].Acta Med Okayama,2003,57(1):13-20.
(收稿日期:2014-04-11) (本文编辑:欧丽)
[7] Gallefoss F,Bakke P S.Does smoking affect the outcome of patient education and self-management in asthmatics?[J].Patient Educ Couns,2003,49(1):91-97.
[8] Rider C F,King E M,Holden N S,et al.Inflammatory stimuli inhibit glucocorticoid-dependent transactivation in human pulmonary epithelial cells:rescue by long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2011,338(3):860-869.
[9]张莉,杜永成,许建英,等.吸烟对支气管哮喘患者吸人糖皮质激素治疗的影响[J].国际呼吸杂志,2012,32(19):1441-1445.
[10] Adenuga D,Yao H,March T H,et al.Histone deacetylase 2 is phosphorylated,ubiquitinated,and degraded by cigarette smoke[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2009,40(4):464-473.
[11] Li L,Leung D Y M,Martin R J,et al.Inhibition of histone deacetylase 2 expression by elevated glucocorticoid receptor β in steroid-resistant asthma[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2010,182(7):877-883.
[12]山晓茵,王慧敏.支气管哮喘吸烟者的发病机制及激素治疗效果[J].国际呼吸杂志,2012,32(20):1591-1593.
[13] Saareks V,Riutta A,Alanko J,et al.Clinical pharmacology of eicosanoids nicotine induced changes in man[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2000,51(4 pt 1):631-642.
[14]杨琤瑜,杨冬,叶伶,等.吸烟对成人哮喘控制及气道炎性反应的影响[J].中国临床医学,2013,20(2):138-140.
[15] Price D,Musgrave S D,Shepstone L,et al.Leukotriene antagonists as first-line or add-on asthma-controller therapy[J].N Engl J Med,2011,364(18):1695-1707.
[16] Yuksel H,Ozbilgin K,Coskun S,et al.Protective effect of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast on smoking-induced lung injury in Wistar rats[J].Acta Med Okayama,2003,57(1):13-20.
(收稿日期:2014-04-11) (本文编辑:欧丽)