Snail介导的EMT在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的作用
2014-07-07唐青侯建青
唐青+侯建青
[摘要] 目的 检测Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的表达,探讨Snail介导的上皮间质转化(EMT)在卵巢癌发生、发展及转移中的作用。 方法 采用免疫组化法分别检测Snail、E-cadherin、Vimentin在48例卵巢浆液性腺癌、卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤及卵巢浆液性腺瘤中的表达,探讨EMT相关因子表达强度的相关性及与临床病理特征之间的关系。 结果 (1)Snail、Vimentin在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的表达率为(68.75%/66.67%),高于卵巢交界性浆液性腺瘤的(41.67%/37.50%)及卵巢浆液性腺瘤的(25.00%/18.75%),结果均具有显著的统计学差异(P<0.05),E-cadherin在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的表达率为27.08%,低于与卵巢交界性浆液性腺瘤的54.17%及卵巢浆液性腺瘤的75.00%,结果均具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。而卵巢交界性浆液性腺瘤组与卵巢浆液性腺瘤组比较,三种蛋白的表达均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。(2)Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表达高低与FIGO分期、分化级别、有无淋巴结转移及腹膜种植有关。(3)在卵巢浆液性腺癌中,Snail与Vimentin的表达呈正相关(r=0.477,P<0.05),Snail与E-cadherin的表达呈负相关(r=-0.601,P<0.05),而E-cadherin与Vimentin表达的相关性不明显(r=-0.206, P>0.05)。结论 在上皮性卵巢癌组织中,Snail、Vimentin表达上调,E-cadherin表达下调,提示Snail介导的EMT可能与卵巢癌的发生、发展及浸润转移有关。
[关键词] Snail;E-cadherin;Vimentin;上皮性卵巢癌;上皮间质转化
[中图分类号] R737.31 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)07-09-06
Effects of Snail mediated EMT in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
TANG Qing1 HOU Jianqing2
1.Medical College of Qingdao University,Qingdao 266000,China;2.Department of Gynecology,Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University,Yantai 264000,China
[Abstract] Objective To Study the effect on Snail mediated epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer occurrence, development and metastasis. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was detected Snail, E-cadherin,in 48 cases of ovarian serous adenocarcinoma,ovarian serous borderline tumors and ovarian serous adenomas Vimentin,investigate the correlation between the expression of EMT -related factors and the strength and relationship between clinicopathological features. Results (1)The expression of Snail,Vimentin in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma was 68.75% and 66.67%,higher than in borderline serous ovarian tumors (41.67% and 37.50) and in ovarian serous adenomas( 25.00% and 18.75%),with significant difference(P<0.05),the expression of E-cadherin in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma of the rate of 27.08%,lower than in borderline serous ovarian tumors(54.17%) and in ovarian serous adenomas(75.00%),with significant difference(P<0.05). Between the borderline ovarian serous cystadenoma and ovarian serous adenoma group,there was statistical difference in the expression of the three proteins(P>0.05).(2)The expression level of Snail and FIGO, E-cadherin and Vimentin staging,differentiation level,there was no lymph node metastasis and peritoneal implants.(3)in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, the expression of Snail positively correlated with Vimentin (r=0.477,P<0.05),the expression of Snail was negatively correlated with E-cadherin(r=-0.601,P<0.05),and the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin correlation is not obvious(r=-0.206,P<0.05). Conclusion In epithelial ovarian cancer,Snail,Vimentin upregulation,E-cadherin downregulation,suggesting that Snail -mediated EMT may be transferred with ovarian cancer,development and infiltration.endprint
[Key words] Snail;E-cadherin;Vimentin;Epithelial ovarian cancer;Epithelial- mesenchymal transition
卵巢癌是女性生殖系统常见的三大恶性肿瘤之一,其死亡率居妇科恶性肿瘤之首。肿瘤的复发、侵袭转移是导致卵巢癌患者死亡的主要原因,但其
发生、发展及浸润转移的分子机制尚不完全清楚。近年大量研究发现,上皮间质转化(Epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)与肿瘤的侵袭转移有关,转录因子Snail作为EMT的关键调控因子,在EMT发生过程中扮演重要角色。EMT发生的重
表1 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在三种不同卵巢组织中的表达
组别 n Snail的表达 E-cadherin的表达 Vimentin的表达
阳性 阳性率(%) 阳性 阳性率(%) 阳性 阳性率(%)
卵巢浆液性腺癌 48 33 68.75 13 27.08 32 66.67
卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤 48 20 41.67 26 54.17 18 37.50
卵巢浆液性腺瘤 48 12 25.00 36 75.00 9 18.75
要标志是上皮细胞形态的改变和极性的丧失,并转变为细胞间粘附力低、迁移力、侵袭力及播散能力强的间质细胞的特性,从而成为肿瘤细胞侵袭、转移的基础。本文通过检测EMT相关标记物E-cadherin、Vimentin及转录调控因子Snail在三种不同卵巢组织中的表达,探讨Snail介导的EMT与卵巢癌发生发展及侵袭转移中的作用。
1 材料与方法
1.1 材料及来源
选取青岛大学医学院附属烟台毓璜顶医院2011年7月~2013年10月间经病理检验确诊为卵巢浆液性腺癌的患者48例,术前均未行辅助放化疗。年龄25~72岁,平均53.4岁,中位年龄54岁。(1) 按照FIGO分期标准:Ⅰ期10例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期30例,Ⅳ期3例;(2)病理组织学分化:高分化10例,中分化9例,低分化29例;(3)有淋巴结转30例,无淋巴结转移18例。(4)有腹膜转移36例,无腹膜转移12例。随机选取同期经手术切除的48例卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤及卵巢浆液性腺瘤作为对照组。
所有标本经甲醛溶液固定,常规将标本脱水、石蜡包埋,并设定以4μm为厚度,将石蜡包块连续切片。
1.2 主要试剂
兔抗人Snail多克隆抗体购自美国Abcam公司、兔抗人E-cadherin多克隆抗体及兔抗人Vimentin多克隆抗体、辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗兔IgG、SP免疫组化试剂盒、DAB酶底物显色试剂盒均购自福州迈新公司,PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)、二甲苯、枸橼酸盐抗原修复液、多浓度梯度酒精、过氧化氢等试剂均为青岛大学医学院附属烟台毓璜顶医院病理科提供。
1.3 Snail、Axl蛋白表达检测
采用免疫组化SP法,按试剂盒说明书进行操作,用已知的阳性切片做阳性对照,用PBS代替一抗做阴性对照。
1.4 结果判定标准
Snail蛋白主要定位于细胞核,出现棕黄色颗粒状染色为阳性;E-cadherin蛋白主要定位于细胞膜中,以细胞膜出现棕黄色颗粒为阳性;而Vimentin蛋白主要定位于细胞浆中,以细胞质中出现棕黄色颗粒为阳性。综合染色强度和阳性细胞百分率确定表达水平。(1)染色强度分为0~3分:无着色或染色不清0分;浅黄色,1分;黄色,2分;棕黄色3分。(2)阳性细胞百分率:无阳性细胞,0分;1%~25%,1分;26%~50%,2分;51%~75%,3分;>75%,4分;每张切片计分等于染色强度分数乘以阳性细胞百分率,0~3分的视为阴性,>3分的视为阳性。
1.5 统计学处理
采用SPSS17.0软件包进行统计学分析,数据间的比较均采用x2检验或者Fishers精确概论法,两种蛋白之间的相关性采用Spearman相关分析,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin分别在卵巢浆液性腺癌、卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤及卵巢浆液性腺瘤中的表达的比较
随着卵巢组织由良性向恶性转变Snail、Vimentin的表达明显增高,两种蛋白在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的表达率分别为(68.75%/66.67%)(图1、2),高于卵巢交界性浆液性腺瘤的(41.67%/37.50%)(图3、4)及卵巢浆液性腺瘤的(25.00%/18.75%)(图5、6),结果均具有显著的统计学差异(P<0.05),而E-cadherin的表达随着病变进展逐渐下调,其在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的表达率为27.08%(图7),低于与卵巢交界性浆液性腺瘤的54.17%(图8)及卵巢浆液性腺瘤的75%(图9),结果具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。而Snail、E-cadherin、Vimentin在卵巢交界性浆液性腺瘤组与卵巢浆液性腺瘤组的表达均无差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
图1 Snail在卵巢浆液性腺癌中度表达(10×10)
图2 Vimentin在卵巢浆液性腺癌中度表达(10×10)
图3 Snail在卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤少量表达(10×10)
图4 Vimentin在卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤少量表达(10×10)
图5 Snail在卵巢浆液性腺瘤中阴性表达(10×10)
图6 Vimentin在卵巢浆液性腺瘤中阴性表达(10×10)
图7 E-cadherin在卵巢浆液性腺癌少量表达(10×10)endprint
图8 E-cadherin在卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤中中度表达(10×10)
图9 E-cadherin在卵巢浆液性腺瘤中高度表达(10×10)
2.2 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表达与临床病理参数之间的关系
在卵巢浆液性腺癌中,Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表达与临床分期、组织分化程度、有无淋巴结转移及腹膜种植有关。Snail、Vimentin在FIGO分期为Ⅲ-Ⅳ期的卵巢癌组织中的表达率高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期的组织、在中低分化组织中的表达高于
表2 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin的表达与临床病理参数之间的关系
临床病
理参数 n Snail的表达 E-cadherin的表达 Vimentin的表达
阳性 阳性率(%) P 阳性 阳性率(%) P 阳性 阳性率(%) P
FIGO分期
Ⅰ~Ⅱ 15 4 26.67 0.000 11 73.33 0.000 3 20.00 0.027
Ⅲ~Ⅳ 33 29 87.88 5 15.15 19 57.58
分化程度
G1~G2 19 10 52.63 0.049 14 73.68 0.040 7 36.84 0.019
G3 29 24 82.76 12 41.38 21 72.41
淋巴结转移
有 30 26 86.67 0.001 5 16.67 0.001 16 53.33 0.001
无 18 7 38.89 12 66.67 3 16.67
腹膜种植
有 36 26 72.22 0.002 7 19.44 0.001 24 66.67 0.018
无 12 2 16.67 9 75.00 3 25.00
表3 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌组织中表达强度的相关性
蛋白类型 n Vimentin的表达 E-cadherin的表达
阳性 阳性率(%) r P 阳性 阳性率(%) r P
Snali阳性表达 33 27 6 0.477 0.002 3 30 -0.601 0.000
Snail阴性表达 15 5 10 10 5
E-cadherin阳性表达 32 6 24 -0.206 0.190
E-cadherin阴性表达 16 7 11
高分化组织、有淋巴结转移及腹膜转移的组织中其阳性表达率明显高于没有淋巴结及腹膜转移的组织,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而E-cadherin在FIGO分期晚(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)、分化差(中低分化)及有淋巴结核腹膜转移的卵巢浆液性腺癌组织中的表达低于FIGO分期早(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)、分化高(高分化)及无淋巴结及腹膜转移的组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 Snail、E-cadherin及Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌组织中表达强度的相关性
由Spearman相关分析显示,Snail与E-cadherin在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达水平呈负相关(r=-0.601,P<0.05);Snail与Vimentin在上皮性卵巢癌组织中的表达呈正相关(r=0.477,P<0.05)。而上皮性标志物E-cadherin与间叶性标志物Vimentin表达的相关性不明显(r=-0.206,P>0.05)。见表3。
3 讨论
卵巢癌的复发、侵袭转移是导致90%患者死亡的主要原因,近年来EMT已成为肿瘤界研究的热点。EMT是指上皮细胞在形态上转变为间充质细胞的表型,同时细胞的粘附力降低,运动迁移能力增强。EMT的发生是以E-cadherin、细胞角蛋白等上皮性标志物表达下调,Vimentin、N-cadherin等间叶性标志物表达上调为特点[1],锌指转录因子Snail作为EMT发生过程中的关键调控因子[2-3],其异常表达可激活多种信号通路,导致上皮来源的细胞获得迁移能力,引起肿瘤细胞的侵袭、浸润和转移。
E-cadherin是一种肿瘤抑制基因,近年的研究发现,E-cadherin的异常表达可以引起肿瘤的侵袭、转移,这说明E-cadherin不仅发挥抑癌因子的作用,还具有促癌作用。多种研究结果显示,抑制E-cadherin的功能或表达,可引起细胞形态向间充质细胞转化,并引起细胞移行、侵袭及转移[4-6]。有研究表明,在由交界性浆液性肿瘤转变而来的低分化浆液性癌中可见E-cadherin的表达逐渐下调[7-8]。并且有文献报道,晚期卵巢癌组织中常见E-cadherin的低表达,且低表达E-cadherin的卵巢癌可能导致其侵袭、转移[9-10]。Vimentin作为EMT发生的间叶性标志物也参与肿瘤的侵袭转移过程,Vimentin的功能是引起细胞迁移,而细胞迁移是引起恶性肿瘤播散的基础。近年来越来越多的研究表明,Vimentin不仅表达于间充质起源的细胞中,在上皮来源的恶性肿瘤中也可呈阳性表达,并且其表达与恶性肿瘤的组织分化程度低、侵袭转移及不良预后密切相关[11-13]。
本研究结果显示,随着病情进展,E-cadherin的阳性表达率逐渐递减,E-cadherin在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的阳性表达率明显低于卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤及卵巢浆液性腺瘤,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与文献报道相一致。而Vimentin随着病情进展阳性表达率逐渐上升,且其在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的阳性表达率明显高于卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤及卵巢浆液性腺瘤,差异具有显著的统计学意义(P<0.01)。并且两种蛋白的表达与上皮性卵巢癌的FIGO分期晚、组织分化差、有淋巴结及远处转移有关。从Spearman相关分析结果显示,E-cadherin与Vimentin表达的相关性不明显(r=-0.206,P>0.05),此结果可能与某些潜在的未知因素存在有关。因此,在上皮性卵巢肿瘤病变发展过程中,随着E-cadherin的表达下调,细胞间粘附力降低,Vimentin表达上调,细胞迁移运动能力增强,从而促进了上皮性卵巢癌中肿瘤细胞的侵袭播散和转移。endprint
Snail是EMT最重要、最早发现的转录抑制因子,其病理性激活可使肿瘤细胞获得侵袭的特性[14]。Margit等提出,在肿瘤发展的EMT过程中,Snail可直接结合E-cadherin启动子E-box,抑制E-cadherin的表达,上调间质细胞标志物Viemntin的表达,导致细胞间连接减少,细胞迁移能力增强,诱导EMT发生并促进肿瘤的进展。张丽莉等[15]通过提取不同临床病理分期的胃癌组织及正常胃粘膜组织中的Snail mRNA表达发现,Snail在正常胃黏膜组织中低表达,在组织分化级别低、临床分期晚、有淋巴结转移及脉管侵犯的胃癌组织中表达增强,并且与胃癌的组织分化程度、临床分期、有无淋巴结转移及血管侵犯呈正相关。本研究结果显示,Snail在卵巢浆液性腺癌中的阳性表达率明显高于卵巢交界性浆液性肿瘤及卵巢浆液性腺瘤,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且其高表达与上皮性卵巢癌的FIGO分期、分化级别、有无淋巴结转移及腹膜种植有关(P<0.05)。从Spearman相关分析结果显示,当Snail高表达时,E-cadherin的低表达,而Viemntin的表达上调,Snail与E-cadherin的表达呈负相关(r=-0.601,P<0.05),与Viemntin的表达呈正相关(r=0.477,P<0.05)。以上研究说明了当EMT调控因子Snail高表达时,可抑制E-cadherin的表达,E-cadherin的表达下降使细胞间的粘附力降低,允许肿瘤细胞从原发灶脱落,而脱落的肿瘤细胞在盆腔内播散种植造成卵巢癌的浸润转移。
肿瘤的发生发展是多环节、多基因调控的复杂过程,Snail蛋白可能是调控卵巢癌发生发展的一个重要枢纽,对Snail介导的EMT过程还有待于深入研究。
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[13] Lang SH,Hyde C,Reid IN,et al.Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma[J].Prostate,2002,52(4):253-263.
[14] Nieto M A,Sargent M,Wilkinson DG,et al. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc-finger gene[J].Science,1994,264(8): 836-840.
[15] 张丽莉,张布衣,姚根有.组织芯片检测Snail mRNA的表达及其与胃癌的关系[J].浙江临床医学,2008,10(8):1014-1015.
(收稿日期:2014-01-26)endprint
[10] Nabais S,Machado JC,Lopes C,et al.Patterns of beta-catenin expression ingastric carcinoma: clinicopathological relevance and mutation analysis[J].Int Surg Pathol,2011,11(1):1-9.
[11] Chen MH,Yip GW.Expression of basal keratins and vimentin in breast cancers of young woman correlates with adverse pathologic parameters[J].Mod Pathol,2008,21(10):1183-1191.
[12] Hu L,Lau SH,Tzang CH,et al.Association of vimentin overexpression and hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis[J].Oncogenen,2004,23(1):298-302.
[13] Lang SH,Hyde C,Reid IN,et al.Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma[J].Prostate,2002,52(4):253-263.
[14] Nieto M A,Sargent M,Wilkinson DG,et al. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc-finger gene[J].Science,1994,264(8): 836-840.
[15] 张丽莉,张布衣,姚根有.组织芯片检测Snail mRNA的表达及其与胃癌的关系[J].浙江临床医学,2008,10(8):1014-1015.
(收稿日期:2014-01-26)endprint
[10] Nabais S,Machado JC,Lopes C,et al.Patterns of beta-catenin expression ingastric carcinoma: clinicopathological relevance and mutation analysis[J].Int Surg Pathol,2011,11(1):1-9.
[11] Chen MH,Yip GW.Expression of basal keratins and vimentin in breast cancers of young woman correlates with adverse pathologic parameters[J].Mod Pathol,2008,21(10):1183-1191.
[12] Hu L,Lau SH,Tzang CH,et al.Association of vimentin overexpression and hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis[J].Oncogenen,2004,23(1):298-302.
[13] Lang SH,Hyde C,Reid IN,et al.Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma[J].Prostate,2002,52(4):253-263.
[14] Nieto M A,Sargent M,Wilkinson DG,et al. Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc-finger gene[J].Science,1994,264(8): 836-840.
[15] 张丽莉,张布衣,姚根有.组织芯片检测Snail mRNA的表达及其与胃癌的关系[J].浙江临床医学,2008,10(8):1014-1015.
(收稿日期:2014-01-26)endprint