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miRNA在食管癌中的研究进展

2014-07-07刘汉刘颖曹秀峰

中国医药科学 2014年7期
关键词:生物标志物食管癌

刘汉+刘颖+曹秀峰

[摘要] 我国是食管癌高发国家,发病人数占全球一半以上,国内食管癌的死亡率为17.38/10万,居恶性肿瘤的第4位。miRNA是新发现的一种具有高度进化保守性的单链RNA,在转录后水平引起靶mRNA降解或翻译抑制。miRNA的表达水平与食管癌的类型、预后等密切相关。在外周血中,miRNA水平也表现出显著的肿瘤相关性、组织特异性和表达稳定性。随着食管癌发病率不断增加,人们更加关注食管癌的发病机制及早期分子生物学标志物的研究。

[关键词] miRNA;食管癌;生物标志物

[中图分类号] R735.1 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)07-43-05

Advances in study on miRNA in esophageal cancer

LIU Han LIU Ying CAO Xiufeng

Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006,China

[Abstract] China is a country of high incidence of esophageal cancer, incidence accounted for more than half of the world, the esophageal cancer mortality rate was 17.38/10 million, ranking the fourth malignant tumor. miRNA is a highly evolutionary conservation of the single stranded RNA newly found, cause the target mRNA degradation or translational inhibition at the post transcriptional level. Abnormal expression of miRNA and esophageal cancer occurrence, differentiation, metastasis and recurrence are closely related. In the peripheral blood, miRNA also showed significant tumor correlation, tumor tissue specificity and tumor expression stability. With the increasing incidence of esophageal cancer, the molecular mechanism of esophageal cancer and early molecular biomarkers will research more deeply. This paper reviewed the study on expression of miRNA occurred in diagnosis and treatment and prognosis of esophageal cancer.

[Key words] miRNA; Esophageal cancer; Biomarker

食管癌起病隐匿,男性发病率高于女性,死亡率居恶性肿瘤第4位[1],多数患者在确诊时已进入中晚期,即便早期手术切除病灶,患者的5年生存率仍低于20%[2],其中75%的患者在确诊后1年内死亡[3]。目前,寻找诊治食管癌生物标记物已成为该领域的研究热点。miRNA是具有在转录后水平调控基因表达功能的非编码小分子RNA,参与细胞分裂增殖、分化与发育,以及代谢等许多重要的生物学过程,并参与机体许多病理生理过程[4]。miRNA可作为抑癌基因或癌基因,有致癌作用的miRNA也被称为致癌miRNA。致癌miRNA的负调控与染色体的缺失、增加及易位有关[5-6]。研究显示,鳞状上皮食管癌患者中有特异的miRNA,有可能成为诊断食管癌的生物标志物[7]。

1 miRNA生物学特性

miRNA是1993年被Ambros等在秀丽新小杆线虫中发现的单链RNA,具有高度进化保守性,

它位于基因内含子中,并由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ或Ⅲ转录为含有1个或几个miRNA的原始miRNA,然后由核糖核酸酶Ⅲ内切酶Drosha和DGCR8切成约70个核苷酸大小的不完整的茎环核糖核酸,后者在核输出蛋白和输出素-5(Exp-5)的作用下,从细胞核转运到细胞质中,此过程需G蛋白因子Ran参与,然后在RNA诱导的沉默复合体中DCR和Argonaute的作用下产生成熟的miRNA分子。一条链被降解,另一条成熟的miRNA进入RNA诱导的基因沉默复合物(RISC)中,形成非对称性复合物。RISC中成熟的miRNA链可与其靶mRNA结合从而调控基因的表达[8]。miRNA的作用机制为:(1)mRNA降解,以植物拟南芥miR-171为代表,miRNA像siRNA一样介导这些靶mRNA的降解[9-10]从而影响植物的生长发育;(2)翻译抑制,以线虫lin-4为代表,参与线虫发育,抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞增殖[11]。

2 miRNA在食管癌中的表达

miR-106b-25多顺反子能通过抑制目标基因p21和Bim影响食管肿瘤的恶化和扩散[12]。miRNA在食管癌中可作为癌基因或抑癌基因[13]。对miRNA与食管癌关系的研究,目前主要集中在miR-21、miR-143、miR-203、miR-375、miR-328、miR-196a、miR-106b-25等miRNA的异常表达[14]。

2.1 miRNA表达与食管癌组织类型

Mathe等[15]通过芯片分析发现,食管鳞癌中miR-21、miR-223、miR-192和miR-194表达增高,miR-203在癌组织中则呈现低表达。王江峰[16]对84例食管鳞癌组织标本中研究发现,miR-29b与癌旁正常组织比较,低表达为48例,正常表达28例,高表达8例,且miR-29b低表达的患者浸润程度低,TMN分期早,预后好。罗君[17]在食管鳞癌中发现miR-31较正常组织表达上调,推测其可能具有促进鳞癌发生的作用。与Barrett化生不同,miR-31在腺癌和高级别异型增生组织中的表达较明显下调,推断miR-31可能具有抑制食管腺癌发生的作用[18]。有研究发现,在食管磷癌中miR-25、miR-424、miR-151表达上调,miR-100、miR-99a、miR-29c、miR-140表达下调,miRNA表达异常能区分食管鳞癌和正常组织[19]。食管癌中miR-203和miR-205表达下调,以及miR-21表达上调可能和食管癌发生有关[20]。miR-373则通过抑制下游靶标抑癌基因LATS2的表达导致食管鳞癌的发生[21]。

Smith[22]研究提示,在腺癌组织中miR-194和miR-375明显上调,而在鳞癌组织中miR-21上调,miR-375则下调。miR-196a介导的AnnexinA的表达抑制可促进食管癌细胞株的增殖活力和集落形成能力,抑制癌细胞的凋亡[23]。研究表明,miR-192和196a表达上调,以及miR-203表达下调与BE进展为食管腺癌有关[24],作为食管腺癌的癌前病变,BE食管患者miRNA表达与食管腺癌相关[25-26]。miRNA表达水平的检测有益于正常组织和肿瘤组织的鉴别,并可作为预测BE患者病情的转归[15]。研究显示,miRNA表达水平在重度异型增生和食管腺癌中差异显著,而单纯BE、轻度异型增生与正常组织比较未能显示出显著差别[27]。Kurashige等[28]研究表明,miR-21在所有食管鳞癌样本中高表达,在患者术后的血浆检测中,miR-21表达水平明显下降。国外研究也证实miR-21和miR-205在食管鳞癌中的表达增高,在肿瘤细胞侵袭和淋巴结转移的患者表达水平更高[29]。

2.2 miRNA表达与食管疾病进展

Feber等[20]研究表明,miRNA可能是食管癌进展的标志物。有报道miR-16-2、miR-30e的表达与食管腺癌的淋巴结转移及预后有关[30]。在食管鳞癌发病过程中,miR-21的作用日益受到关注,miR-21过度表达不仅促进食管鳞癌细胞增殖,增强其对周围组织的浸润力,而且与肿瘤的分级和浸润密切相关[31-32]。

2.3 miRNA表达与食管癌预后

miR-103和miR-107表达水平增高与食管癌患者的生存率降低相关[19]。在对30例日本ESCC患者组织标本的miRNA进行定量分析显示,72个miRNA高表达与患者的生存率有关,其中miR-129的高表达造成的早期死亡率为低表达者的18.11倍,并提示miR-129为手术后ESCC患者有价值的独立的预后标志[33]。Nguyen等[34]发现miRNA-375的表达可促进炎症基因的表达,导致干扰素-r、白细胞介素-1等在癌组织中的表达,而后者与预后不良密切相关。研究显示,在有Barrett食管的食管腺癌中,miR-375和miR-223低表达则患者的预后较差[15,35],而在食管鳞癌患者中miR-223、miR-31高表达预后较差[35-36]。临床研究表明,术后化疗的食管癌患者中,miR-200c、miR-21的表达升高以及miR-145表达降低的患者生存期较短[37]。miR-92a高表达与食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移情况和TNM分期显著相关,并且高表达患者的预后也较差[38]。食管鳞癌患者miR-23a、miR-26a、miR-27b、miR-96、miR-128b和miR-129高表达,在术后预后相对较差,而miR-103和miR-107低表达则患者术后的生存时间较长[33]。新近研究表明,miR-296、miR-129表达降低的食管癌患者存活时间相对较长[39]。miR-99band miR-199a_3p and _5p与食管腺癌患者淋巴结转移密切相关[40]。Ogawa等[33]研究发现,淋巴结浸润的食管癌miR-92高表达,血管浸润的食管癌中miR-139低表达。因此,检测miRNA的表达谱有助于判断食管癌患者的预后。

3 miRNA对食管癌的调控

3.1 促进食管癌转移

研究表明,miR-21在伴有淋巴结转移的患者中的表达较无淋巴结转移的患者显著升高[32]。Tian研究发现[41]miR-10b在KYSE140细胞中高表达能增加细胞的能动性及侵润性,而miR-10b在EC9706细胞中低水平表达则降低细胞的侵润性。袁氏等[42]通过miRNA的转染及对照实验,发现miR-203对食管鳞癌细胞株Eca109具有抑制增殖、促进凋亡、抑制侵袭的作用。

3.2 对食管癌细胞增殖的调控

Yuan等[43]研究显示,miR-203能抑制ESCC细胞增殖。miR-210能通过诱导G1/G0期及G2/M期细胞死亡和周期停滞来抑制癌细胞的生存及增殖[44]。在食管癌中,miR-375可上调它下游的3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶-1的表达而起到抑癌作用[45]。miR-145和miR-133a/b直接与致癌基因纤维束蛋白同源物1作用而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖与侵袭[46]。miR-29c则通过抑制细胞周期蛋白E的表达诱导细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[47]。国内学者研究miRNA在食管癌细胞株及组织样本中的表达,结果表明,在所有食管癌细胞株中均有Let-7g、miR-21和miR-195p表达,而miR-16-2、miR-30e、miR-34a、miR-126和miR-200a在某些细胞株中表达,不表达的则有miR-9和miR-20a[30]。有研究显示miR-141可以下调SOX17基因表达从而激活Wnt信号通路使得食管癌进展加快[48]。

4 miRNA及其靶基因检测

miRNA检测方法:(1)Northern blotting,是检测miRNA表达最主要的手段,此方法的缺点在于灵敏度较低,且不能进行高通量的检测。(2)RT-PCR,用来检测miRNA前体的表达水平,实时荧光定量PCR可精确的定量分析miRNA 的表达。(3)芯片技术(microarray),是一种更快、更广泛、更有前途的研究方法。

5 miRNA与肿瘤的诊治

5.1 miRNA与肿瘤的诊断

miRNA在人体血清和血浆中稳定存在,并具有组织特异性,在同一物种的不同个体之间具有相对稳定性、复现性和一致性[49]。国内外研究表明,miRNA表达谱对食管癌疾病的预测有一定作用,其中miRNA表达谱在BE食管腺癌患者中的预测率达到77%、食管鳞癌的预测率可以达到82%[15];与正常食管鳞状上皮比较,特异miRNA表达谱在低度不典型增生BE食管、高度不典型增生BE食管和食管腺癌中的预测率分别达到60%、90%和100%[27]。有发现肿瘤浸润越深,miR-31表达越高,病理分期越晚,miR-31表达越高,在有淋巴结转移的癌组织中,miR-21表达比无淋巴结转移的癌组织中更高[18]。对BE组织中miRNA的表达检测结果发现,BE组织中miRNA对预测异型增生的存在有较高的灵敏性和特异性[50]。临床研究表明,某些食管鳞癌中原发肿瘤、淋巴结转移、血管浸润和淋巴管浸润与特异miRNA表达谱之间的存在相关性[33]。

5.2 miRNA与肿瘤治疗

实验表明,敲除或敲减肿瘤细胞中致癌性miRNA或在肿瘤细胞中引入抑癌的miRNA可控制肿瘤细胞的生长。把miRNA作为检测指标和治疗的靶点,为治疗肿瘤提供新的策略。研究MDR相关基因的表达对食管癌MDR的发生、发展以及逆转治疗过程中的多药耐药现象起着重要的作用[51-52]。有研究显示,miR296表达水平下降在增强食管癌对抗肿瘤药物反应的同时,促进了肿瘤细胞的凋亡[53]。Hummel等[54]研究也证实,miR-148a表达上调可增加食管腺癌对顺铂和5-氟脲嘧啶的敏感性。

6 结语

食管癌是死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤,其中一半以上患者在我国,目前仍有增长趋势。研究miRNA调控网络与食管癌之间的关系,不仅有助于我们明确食管癌的发病机制,还可能在不久的将来寻找早期诊断食管癌的生物标志物,为进一步防治食管癌打下基础。

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(收稿日期:2014-02-28)

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