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女性董事对企业经营绩效影响的实证研究基于2000~2009年中国证券市场A股上市公司样本

2014-06-28周泽将修宗峰

财经理论与实践 2014年2期
关键词:经营业绩内生性上市公司

周泽将++修宗峰

摘 要:以2000~2009年中国证券市场A股上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了女性董事对于经营业绩的影响。在控制了女性董事与经营业绩之间的内生性关系后,研究发现总体上女性董事显著降低了企业经营业绩。当进一步将女性董事区分为女性非独立董事和女性独立董事后,经验证据显示,女性非独立董事损害了经营业绩,而女性独立董事有助于经营业绩的提升。无论在国有企业还是民营企业,这一结论均成立。

关键词: 女性董事;经营业绩;内生性;上市公司

中图分类号:F270.3 文献标识码: A 文章编号:1003-7217(2014)02-0091-07

一、引言

女性董事在全世界范围内广泛存在[1]。而在中国,女性在国家经济建设中发挥着越来越为重要的作用。据《中国企业家》杂志发布的上市公司女性高管2010年度报告摘要显示,拥有女性董事的上市公司所占比例已达到59.65%[2]。作为上市公司高管人员的重要组成部分,女性董事将会对企业经营业绩等产生何种影响值得关注。而截至目前,女性董事对于经营业绩的影响研究尚无一致的结论,支持正面影响的经验证据[3-5]、负面影响的经验证据[6-7]兼而有之。造成上述结果的重要原因可能在于模型中存在的内生性问题[7,8]。中国的新兴资本市场和女性传统文化异于西方国家,在这一背景下女性董事如何影响经营业绩值得进行深入研究。

尽管部分研究已注意到区分不同类型和不同职位的女性高管显得很有必要[9],但是涉及女性董事的相关文献大多没有详细区分女性董事类型[7,8],抑或即使进行了区分[10],但是较少深入比较不同类型女性董事之间的差异。此外,国内学者大多从董事会的构成特征、独立性、规模等角度对董事会结构与经营业绩之间的关系展开研究,而专门研究女性董事与经营业绩之间关系的文献较为少见。

二、理论分析与假设发展

关于女性董事与经营业绩之间的关系,存在两种截然相反的观点。一种观点认为,女性董事会通过更高的会议出席率和专门委员会成员任命增强决策参与程度,从而使得公司治理体系更加完善[6],而公司治理的完善有助于企业经营业绩的改善[11]。此外,女性董事是企业的重要资源[12],多元化的董事会(女性董事)会带入新的观点和信息并进而提高董事会讨论的质量[10],女性董事更了解消费者的行为、需求及满足这些需求的机会[13]。依据资源依赖理论[14],女性董事的上述特征无疑会对企业经营业绩提升产生积极影响。另一种观点则认为女性董事会降低团体凝聚力。由于社会隔阂的存在,女性董事影响团体决策的可能性降低[15],甚至可能会由于性别多样性增加内部分歧,限制董事会的执行力而降低了董事会的有效性[10],最终损害经营业绩。

具体到中国的现实情况,我们预期女性董事会对企业经营业绩产生负面影响。(1)相对于男性倾向于选择支持自己一贯行为的信息而言,女性更善于处理综合性的信息,某种程度上直接导致了女性更加厌恶风险[16]。较多的经验证据揭示并支持了上述观点,如女性在财务决策中更少地投资于风险资产[17],任命女性CEO后财务风险显著降低[18],女性董事在金融危机期间会通过减少长期借款和投资水平来规避风险[19],女性CEO降低了股价崩盘风险[20]。依据风险和报酬权衡原则,女性董事厌恶风险的特性将会使得公司面临的风险降低,相应地,公司获得的回报因此将相对较低。(2)中国的传统观点往往认为“女子无才便是德”、“贤妻良母”是模范女性的标准,更多地将女性定位于家庭而非社会经济事务,因此,女性董事人数和比例长期持续偏低。经统计,2000~2009年,董事会中女性董事平均人数和比例仅为1.06人和10.36%,如此少的女性董事难以对董事会的决策产生重要影响。相反,更多可能是出于“装点门面”需要而产生的女性董事,将会由于人口差异而降低团体凝聚力[15],可能带来更多的意见分歧[10],内部分歧的增大降低了董事会的运行效率,损害了经营业绩。(3)Ahern和Dittmar(2012)发现女性董事年轻、缺乏经验是导致女性董事有损于公司业绩的重要原因[7],同样,中国的女性董事相对而言更为年轻。经统计,2000~2009年男性董事的平均年龄47.56,女性董事的平均年龄44.74,二者之间差异的检验显示T值为48.02,在1%水平上显著。综上所述,提出假设1:

财经理论与实践(双月刊)2014年第2期2014年第2期(总第188期)周泽将,修宗峰:女性董事对企业经营绩效影响的实证研究

H1:限定其他条件,女性董事损害了企业经营业绩。

在董事会中,非独立董事和独立董事发挥作用的路径是不完全一致的。非独立董事是股东利益在企业中的代表,是确保股东利益实现的重要制度安排。在中国她们往往直接参与企业的经营管理。当非独立董事是女性时,承接假设1的分析逻辑,年轻缺乏经验、经营管理意见分歧的增大和更加厌恶风险无疑会不利于经营业绩的改善,甚至损害了经营业绩。

而独立董事主要是在声誉机制的约束作用下,更为客观有效地履行监督职能、降低代理成本[21]。王跃堂等(2006)研究表明我国上市公司的独立董事比例与公司绩效显著正相关[22]。周繁等(2008)的研究则支持了我国独立董事市场声誉机制的有效性[23]。已经有一系列研究表明,女性具有以下特征:在财务决策时通常表现出更多的风险厌恶[17-20];男女性由于完全不同的道德发展历程而会表现出对待工作的不同价值倾向,价值倾向反过来会影响到男女性的道德和行为。通常,男性更偏好金钱、提拔、权力和个人表现的有形度量,女性则更关注和谐的关系和帮助他人[24]。女性的上述特征促使女性独立董事通过更加认真负责地工作来降低其面临的风险,更加积极地履行监督职能,从而声誉约束机制作用进一步增强,有利于经营业绩的改善。综上所述,提出假设2和假设3:

H2:限定其他条件,女性非独立董事损害了企业经营业绩。

H3:限定其他条件,女性独立董事提升了企业经营业绩。

三、样本选择与研究设计

(一)样本选择

五、研究结论与启示

尽管国外已有较多文献涉及到女性董事与经营业绩之间的关系问题,但是源于制度背景、文化传统和女性董事形成路径等方面的差异,且区分女性董事类型在国外文献中较少涉及,因此,国外的研究分析框架未必适合中国的现实国情。以上采用中国上市公司的数据,实证分析了女性董事、不同类型的女性董事对于企业经营业绩的影响。研究结果表明:女性董事与经营业绩显著负相关,区分女性董事类型后,女性非独立董事与女性独立董事对于经营业绩的影响呈现出不对称性,具体地,女性非独立董事降低了经营业绩,而女性独立董事促进了经营业绩提升。

研究结论对于政府部门和企业都具有重要的启示意义。十八大报告中将男女平等上升到基本国策,在这一背景下如何充分发挥女性董事在公司治理中的积极作用已成为当前面临的重要问题。尽管中国政府在相关政策层面大力提倡男女平等、鼓励培养女性领导,但本文的经验证据揭示女性非独立董事和女性独立董事对企业经营业绩的影响结果迥异,主要原因可能在于两种不同类型董事履职素质差异所致。如果女性董事没有履行职能的必要素质,女性董事则难以发挥积极作用,相反甚至会损害到经营业绩。只有女性自身素质得以完善时,女性董事方能促进企业经营业绩的改善。因此,政府不能简单地强调女性在管理层的代表性和所占比例的提升,而应该采取切实行动,积极创造培养女性领导的环境,提升女性领导的决策水平,从而有效地改进企业运营效率和业绩。在企业层面,应进一步发挥女性独立董事市场声誉约束机制的积极作用,培育有利于女性非独立董事发挥积极作用的环境,如逐步优化女性非独立董事的市场选拔机制、增强女性董事在董事会中的话语权等,从而使得我国的董事会结构更趋合理,切实为股东创造更多的价值。

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[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.

[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.

[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.

[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.

[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.

[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.

[19]祝继高,叶康涛,严冬. 女性董事的风险规避与企业投资行为研究[J]. 财贸经济,2012,(4):50-58.

[20]李小荣,刘行. CEO vs CFO:性别与股价崩盘风险[J]. 世界经济,2012,(12):102-130.

[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.

[22]王跃堂,赵子夜,魏晓雁. 董事会的独立性是否影响公司绩效[J]. 经济研究,2006,(5):62-73.

[23]周繁,谭劲松,简宇寅. 声誉激励还是经济激励 [J]. 中国会计评论,2008,(2):177-192.

[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.

[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.

[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.

[27]张会丽,张然,林景艺.女性高管是否影响公司盈余质量基于我国上市公司的大样本分析[J].财经理论与实践,2011,(6):62-66.

[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.

(责任编辑:漆玲琼)

An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009

ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2

. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).

Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.

Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies

[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.

[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.

[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.

[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.

[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.

[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.

[19]祝继高,叶康涛,严冬. 女性董事的风险规避与企业投资行为研究[J]. 财贸经济,2012,(4):50-58.

[20]李小荣,刘行. CEO vs CFO:性别与股价崩盘风险[J]. 世界经济,2012,(12):102-130.

[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.

[22]王跃堂,赵子夜,魏晓雁. 董事会的独立性是否影响公司绩效[J]. 经济研究,2006,(5):62-73.

[23]周繁,谭劲松,简宇寅. 声誉激励还是经济激励 [J]. 中国会计评论,2008,(2):177-192.

[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.

[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.

[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.

[27]张会丽,张然,林景艺.女性高管是否影响公司盈余质量基于我国上市公司的大样本分析[J].财经理论与实践,2011,(6):62-66.

[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.

(责任编辑:漆玲琼)

An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009

ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2

. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).

Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.

Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies

[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.

[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.

[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.

[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.

[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.

[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.

[19]祝继高,叶康涛,严冬. 女性董事的风险规避与企业投资行为研究[J]. 财贸经济,2012,(4):50-58.

[20]李小荣,刘行. CEO vs CFO:性别与股价崩盘风险[J]. 世界经济,2012,(12):102-130.

[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.

[22]王跃堂,赵子夜,魏晓雁. 董事会的独立性是否影响公司绩效[J]. 经济研究,2006,(5):62-73.

[23]周繁,谭劲松,简宇寅. 声誉激励还是经济激励 [J]. 中国会计评论,2008,(2):177-192.

[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.

[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.

[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.

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(责任编辑:漆玲琼)

An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009

ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2

. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).

Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.

Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies

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