标准 道法自然——古琴形制之美

文/五花肉

标准 道法自然
——古琴形制之美

standards,rules of nature——aesthetics of Chinese Zither

文/五花肉

2013年，本刊推出“画中有话”专栏，以连载形式撷取典籍英华、记录历史瞬间，中华文明发展进程中饱含标准化思想的12个故事跃然纸上。

2014年，在沉淀一年的思考和探索之后，本刊将继续深耕“画中有话”专栏，讲述蕴藏在中国传统“文人四艺”（琴棋书画）与“文房四宝”（笔墨纸砚）中的质量文化内涵，品味历代先贤朴素的标准化思想和孜孜不倦的实践追求！

让我们共同期待！

——编者

斫琴Chinese zither manufacturing标准standards师法自然learning from nature人文属性humanity property

——《考工记》

Nature methods,high quality material and sophisticated technology achieve a perfect zither.

——《新论·琴道十六》桓谭

We shall learn from the nature;take paulownia as material and make silk as strings to manufacture a zither to understand aesthetics of the nature.

——《格古要论》曹昭（明）

The Song Dynasty established official zither manufacturing bureau and stipulated the shape and size of zithers,which were called"Official Zither".

《尚书》曰“舜弹五弦之琴，歌南风之诗，而天下治”，作为琴棋书画“四艺”之首，古琴技艺是中国古代“士”在情、性、志等方面的最高体现，历史上曾被赋予崇高地位，而历代文人在斫木求音的实践中，也通过明确形制、材质等标准，为古琴注入了深厚的文化内涵。

"Shangshu"said"Emperor Shun played the zither and wrote poetry about south wind to make the nation well ordered".Among four arts(lyre-playing,chess, calligraphy and painting),lyre-playing was the key element of a literati's artistic accomplishment and occupied a high position historically.In ancient China, standards about the structure and materials of Chinese zither were developed,which enhanced cultural connotation of Chinese zither.

形制上，古人师法自然，遵循阴阳五行哲学及天人合一宇宙观，就古琴的长度、厚度、宽度和形态等外观要素形成了统一标准——琴制长三尺六寸五分，象征周天三百六十五度；广六分，象征六律；面圆法天，底平象地；前狭后广，象征着尊卑有序等……对于琴体结构的命名，古人则仿照人体部位，称琴头、琴额、琴颈、琴项、琴肩、琴腰、舌穴、弦眼等。

In the aspect of structure,in accordance with the nature and rules of yin-yang and five elements,length; width and shape of Chinese zither were stipulated. Length of three feet six inches five points stands for 365 days of a year and width of six points long for serialism.The shape of a zither symbolizes the theory of "a square earth and spherical heavens"and rule of priority in rank.The structure of a zither is similar with a human body including head;forehead;neck;shoulder; waist;tongue and eyes.

材质上，古人严格遵循《考工记》的“和合”思想，围绕天、地、材、工等要素，兼以濡养精神、塑造心灵、锤炼人格等人文标准，先是遍寻山野，对琴材的生长环境作出了具体描述，即高山峻谷、深溪绝磵、巉岩岖险之地，其后又遍斫众木，总结提出以纹理细腻、木质疏松的桐木为面，象征阳；以木质优良、坚实轻巧的梓木为底，象征阴。用料标准的明确，使琴音的发散与收敛得到兼顾。

In the aspect of material,in accordance with requirements of"Kaogongji",the material of was strictly selected from high mountain ridges.The surface is made of loosen or smooth paulownia and the bottom side of Chinese catalpa.The material standard ensures the high musical performance of Chinese zither.

在此基础上，千百年来中国官方与民间开展了持久的斫琴实践，唐代涌现出雷威、张越等一大批斫琴大家，宋代则设立了官方制琴机构——斫琴局，对古琴形制进行明确统一，并编撰出完整记录古琴制作工艺规范《太音大全集》、《琴苑要录》等，使得造琴之法得以传世。而以“神农”、“仲尼”、“连珠”、“落霞”、“焦尾”等命名的琴式流传深远，则无不浸透着中国历代文人的良苦用心。

Craftsmen from the civil and governmental departments continuously improved the zither manufacturing techniques.Lei Wei and Zhang Yue were the masters in the era of Tang and Song Dynasty.In Song Dynasty,official zither manufacturing bureau was established.The bureau stipulated the specification of Chinese zither and published standards of zither manufacturing including"Complete Work of Antique Qin Music"and"Qinyuanyaolu",which enabled the techniques of zither manufacturing to be passed down from father to son.Famous Chinese zithers including "Shennong";"Zhongni";"Lianzhu";"Luoxia"and "Jiaowei"symbolizes the artistic accomplishment of literatus in ancient China.

毫无疑问，在中国传统文化背景下，斫琴所遵循的一系列标准，与中国古代文人对于封建礼制的尊崇、对于人与自然和谐的追求息息相关。正是基于这些人文属性，使得古代斫琴的相关标准成为一种美学、一种琴道，启迪今人在推进古琴制作工艺标准化的进程中，深入探寻传统文化与器物制造现代化的结合点。

Absolutely,in the setting of Chinese traditional culture,zither manufacturing standards stand for the obedience to Feudal ritual and pursuit to harmony between human and nature.The humanity property makes the zither manufacturing standards become aesthetics and encourages people in modern time to achieve a balance between traditional culture and modern technology in the course of standardization in the Chinese zither manufacturing.

（支持单位：上海市标准化研究院）