热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰预防呼吸机相关性肺炎
2014-04-29莫旻龙石崛李小悦
莫旻龙++石崛++李小悦
【摘要】 目的:探讨热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的临床效果。方法:选取2010-2011年在本院ICU进行机械通气的158例患者,按照随机数字表法将其分成试验组80例和对照组78例。试验组采用热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰,对照组采用加热湿化器联合开放吸痰。两组患者均给予化痰止咳、解痉平喘、纠正内环境紊乱、抗感染、每日2次口腔护理和床头抬高30°及营养支持等对症治疗。观察比较两组患者VAP发病率、28 d死亡率、机械通气时间和ICU住院时间的差异。结果:试验组的VAP发病率28.75%明显低于对照组的46.15%,且28 d死亡率18.75%明显低于对照组的34.62%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组的机械通气时间明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组ICU住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰可以降低VAP发病率、28 d死亡率,缩短机械通气时间,对ICU住院时间无影响。
【关键词】 热湿交换细菌过滤器; 密闭式吸痰; 呼吸机相关性肺炎
呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)是ICU中最常见的医院获得性肺炎,已成为影响ICU患者预后的重要因素[1]。机械通气患者由于气道开放,外界病原体与下呼吸道接触机会增加,容易发生VAP[1]。本研究通过观察热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰对VAP发病率和院内病死率的影响,旨在为ICU患者VAP的预防提供新策略,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 2010-2011年在本院ICU共进行机械通气760例次,按照入选/排除标准,共158例患者纳入研究。入选标准:ICU内机械通气超过48 h、年龄>18岁的重症患者。排除标准:年龄<18岁;转入ICU前机械通气超过48 h;严重多系统功能障碍患者;再次插管患者。其中男132例,女26例,平均(56.3±5.8)岁,中位年龄59岁;
1.2 方法 试验组接受热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰,对照组接受加热湿化器联合开放吸痰。两组患者均给予化痰止咳、解痉平喘、纠正内环境紊乱、抗感染、每日2次口腔护理和床头抬高30°及营养支持等对症治疗。
1.3 观察指标及诊断标准 观察两组VAP发病情况,计算VAP发病率、28 d死亡率;记录两组患者机械通气时间和ICU住院时间。VAP诊断:根据Rello等[2]提出的诊断标准,分为临床可疑肺炎和经微生物学检查证实的肺炎。研究重点:(1)患者死亡、自动出院、转回普通病区;(2)脱离机械通气满48 h;(3)机械通气超过28 d;(4)患者或患者家属要求退出试验。
1.4 统计学处理
2 结果
2.1 两组VAP发生率和28 d死亡率的比较 试验组的VAP发病率28.75%明显低于对照组的46.15%,且28 d死亡率18.75%明显低于对照组的34.62%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
表2 两组VAP发生率和28 d死亡率的比较 %
2.2 两组机械通气时间和ICU住院时间的比较 试验组的机械通气时间明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组ICU住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表3。
表3 两组机械通气时间和ICU住院时间的比较(x±s) d
3 讨论
VAP发病率为9%~68%,死亡率24%~76%,与重症患者预后不良和高治疗费用密切相关,已经引起临床的高度关注[3]。由于人工气道丧失了上呼吸道加热加湿和过滤细菌的功能,机械通气患者是发生VAP的高危人群。加热湿化器可以替代人工气道的加热加湿功能,但无法滤过细菌。热湿交换细菌过滤器通过截留呼出气体的热量和水分,加热加湿吸入气体,保证呼吸管路干燥,避免细菌滋生,同时可过滤吸入气体中的细菌,达到降低呼吸机相关肺炎的目的[4-5]。
机械通气患者由于呼吸道的开放,下呼吸道与外界接触机会增多,外源性致病菌容易进入下呼吸道引起VAP。目前针对密闭式吸痰对VAP的预防效果有争议。有研究显示[6],使用密闭式吸痰可降低VAP发生率。但另有研究提出[7-8],密闭式吸痰并不降低VAP发生率和改善预后,甚至增加多种耐药病菌呼吸机管道定植的机会。Blamoun等[9]于2009年提出VAP预防Bundle概念。VAP集束化(Bundle)方案是通过将一组单一应用已被证实有一定临床疗效的机械通气辅助治疗措施进行捆绑,同时实施于机械通气治疗过程中,以期提高机械通气治疗效果、降低VAP发病率、缩短机械通气时间和ICU住院天数以及改善机械通气患者预后。笔者的前期研究结果显示,单一的预防措施并不能降低VAP的发生率和降低死亡率,但集束化(Bundle)方案对此类患者有益[10-11]。
本研究首次采用HMEF联合CES预防VAP,结果显示,HMEF联合CES可以降低ICU患者VAP发病率和28 d死亡率。本研究提示加强ICU机械通气患者的气道管理,包括在加热加湿基础上过滤细菌和避免下呼吸道与外界接触,可以降低VAP发病率和改善此类患者的预后。本研究中HMEF联合CES能够缩短机械通气时间,但并未缩短ICU住院时间,与ICU患者来源复杂、病情重、基础疾病多和样本量较少有关。HMEF联合CES可以使哪类患者获益还需要更大样本研究或亚组分析证实。HMEF与CES之间存在协同作用,可使下呼吸道与外界细菌接触机会降低,从而减少肺部感染和VAP的发生,并且不增加气道阻力。HMEF联合CES可以降低ICU机械通气患者VAP发病率、改善临床预后,值得临床推广。
参考文献
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[5]郑瑞强,林华,卢年芳,等.热湿交换细菌过滤器预防呼吸机相关肺炎的前瞻性随机对照临床研究[J].现代预防医学,2008,35(21):4270-4271.
[6] Lee E S,Kim S H,Kim J S.Effects of a closed endotracheal suction system on oxygen saturation,ventilator-associated pneumonia,and nursing efficacy[J].Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,2004,34(7):1315-1325.
[7] Subirana M,Sola I,Benito S.Closed tracheal suction systems versus open tracheal suction systems for mechanically ventilated adult patients[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2007,17(4):CD004581.
[8] Topeli A,Harmanci A,Cetinkaya Y,et al.Comparison of the effect of closed versus open endotracheal suction systems on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].J Hosp Infect,2004,58(1):14-19.
[9] Blamoun J,Alfakir M,Rella M E,et al.Efficacy of an expanded ventilator bundle for the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the medical intensive care unit[J].Am J Infect Control,2009,37(2):172-175.
[10]莫旻龙,石崛.床头高度对ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发病率及预后的影响[J].广东医学,2012,33(3):434-435.
[11]王越秀,何丽仪,高明榕,等.集束化方案预防外科重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎[J].中华普通外科学文献(电子版),2012,6(5):60-62.
(收稿日期:2013-12-10) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint
[2] Rello J,Paiva J A,Baraibar J,et al.International conference for the development of consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].Chest,2001,120(3):955-970.
[3] Fagon J Y,Chastre J,Hance A J,et al.Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients:a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay[J].Am J Med,1993,94(3):281-288.
[4] Memish Z A,Oni G A,Djazmati W,et al.A randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of a heat and moisture exchanger with a heated humidifying system on the occurrence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].Am J Infect Control,2001,29(5):301-305.
[5]郑瑞强,林华,卢年芳,等.热湿交换细菌过滤器预防呼吸机相关肺炎的前瞻性随机对照临床研究[J].现代预防医学,2008,35(21):4270-4271.
[6] Lee E S,Kim S H,Kim J S.Effects of a closed endotracheal suction system on oxygen saturation,ventilator-associated pneumonia,and nursing efficacy[J].Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,2004,34(7):1315-1325.
[7] Subirana M,Sola I,Benito S.Closed tracheal suction systems versus open tracheal suction systems for mechanically ventilated adult patients[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2007,17(4):CD004581.
[8] Topeli A,Harmanci A,Cetinkaya Y,et al.Comparison of the effect of closed versus open endotracheal suction systems on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].J Hosp Infect,2004,58(1):14-19.
[9] Blamoun J,Alfakir M,Rella M E,et al.Efficacy of an expanded ventilator bundle for the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the medical intensive care unit[J].Am J Infect Control,2009,37(2):172-175.
[10]莫旻龙,石崛.床头高度对ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发病率及预后的影响[J].广东医学,2012,33(3):434-435.
[11]王越秀,何丽仪,高明榕,等.集束化方案预防外科重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎[J].中华普通外科学文献(电子版),2012,6(5):60-62.
(收稿日期:2013-12-10) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint
[2] Rello J,Paiva J A,Baraibar J,et al.International conference for the development of consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].Chest,2001,120(3):955-970.
[3] Fagon J Y,Chastre J,Hance A J,et al.Nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients:a cohort study evaluating attributable mortality and hospital stay[J].Am J Med,1993,94(3):281-288.
[4] Memish Z A,Oni G A,Djazmati W,et al.A randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of a heat and moisture exchanger with a heated humidifying system on the occurrence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].Am J Infect Control,2001,29(5):301-305.
[5]郑瑞强,林华,卢年芳,等.热湿交换细菌过滤器预防呼吸机相关肺炎的前瞻性随机对照临床研究[J].现代预防医学,2008,35(21):4270-4271.
[6] Lee E S,Kim S H,Kim J S.Effects of a closed endotracheal suction system on oxygen saturation,ventilator-associated pneumonia,and nursing efficacy[J].Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,2004,34(7):1315-1325.
[7] Subirana M,Sola I,Benito S.Closed tracheal suction systems versus open tracheal suction systems for mechanically ventilated adult patients[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2007,17(4):CD004581.
[8] Topeli A,Harmanci A,Cetinkaya Y,et al.Comparison of the effect of closed versus open endotracheal suction systems on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia[J].J Hosp Infect,2004,58(1):14-19.
[9] Blamoun J,Alfakir M,Rella M E,et al.Efficacy of an expanded ventilator bundle for the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the medical intensive care unit[J].Am J Infect Control,2009,37(2):172-175.
[10]莫旻龙,石崛.床头高度对ICU患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发病率及预后的影响[J].广东医学,2012,33(3):434-435.
[11]王越秀,何丽仪,高明榕,等.集束化方案预防外科重症患者呼吸机相关性肺炎[J].中华普通外科学文献(电子版),2012,6(5):60-62.
(收稿日期:2013-12-10) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint