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光动力治疗感染性皮肤病的研究进展

2014-04-29杨雅骊都琳廖万清

中国美容医学 2014年12期
关键词:扁平疣封包光敏剂

杨雅骊 都琳 廖万清

光动力疗法(Photodynamic therapy,PDT)的历史可以追溯到20世纪初,它是利用光敏剂与光结合发生光动力学反应,产生活性氧,特别是单态氧,造成靶组织的细胞凋亡和坏死,从而对疾病进行诊断和治疗的一种新技术。目前,该技术在皮肤科治疗领域应用广泛,如:日光性角化病(actinic keratosis,AK)、皮肤基底细胞癌(basal cellcarcinoma carcinomas,BCC)、皮肤鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)、鲍恩病(Bowens disease,BD)和派杰氏病(Paget's disease)等皮肤癌和癌前期病变,均取得了显著的治疗效果[1]。近年来,尤其在感染性皮肤病方面,如:痤疮,各类人乳头瘤病毒感染性疾病,如:尖锐湿疣(condyloma acuminatum,CA)、扁平疣、手足疣等和皮肤利什曼等疾病[2],更是显出了效率高、复发低、美容佳等优点,并越来越受到广大医生的关注,现将光动力治疗感染性皮肤病的相关研究进展综述如下。

1 光动力疗法的作用机制

PDT的过程主要是在氧分子富集的环境中经照光激活光敏剂。也就是说,PDT的作用机制为:光敏剂接受特定光源照射后,受到激发产生光动力反应,处于激发状态的光敏剂把能量传递给周围的氧,从而生成活性很强的单态氧,继而对蛋白质、核酸和脂类大分子产生细胞毒性作用,严重影响细胞的结构和功能,最终干扰肿瘤细胞的生长并导致其死亡,达到治疗作用。1990年,Kennedy等[3]首次将氨基酮戊酸-光动力疗法(aminolevulinie acid-photodynamie therapy,ALA-PDT)应用于皮肤科领域。ALA是首个被FDA批准而用于局部PDT的光敏剂前体药物,其在体表转化成一种内源性光敏剂—原卟啉IX(Protoporphyrin IX,PpIX)。PpIX主要蓄积于癌前病变、恶性病变中快速增殖的细胞内、黑色素、血管和皮脂腺当中。在有氧情况下,产生自由基单线态氧,通过诱导肿瘤细胞而选择性破坏肿瘤组织,而对周围正常组织并无损害。

1.1 光敏剂:目前,在欧洲,仅有3种光敏剂被批准使用:①氨基酮戊酸甲酯(methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy,MAL):主要配合红光治疗非角化型AK、BD、表浅和结节型BCC;②5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA):在无预处理情况下,通过单一疗程,配合红光治疗轻度AK;③BF-200 ALA(ALA的纳米乳剂):仅批准与红光配合治疗轻度AK;④氨基乙酰丙酸盐酸(Levulan):被北美和其他一些国家批准与蓝光配合治疗AK[2]。

目前,有关光敏剂剂型和封包时间对PDT疗效的影响程度尚有争议。理论上讲,相比ALA,MAL的脂溶性更强,表皮渗透性更佳,但研究显示两者在AK和结节性BCC的疗效上并无显著差异[4-5]。但是,相比MAL,能显著提高ALA稳定性和皮肤渗透性的BF-200-ALA,在治疗面部和头皮处的薄/中等厚度AK时,后者的清除率则明显提高(78% vs 64%)[6]。除此之外,电离子透入疗法和化学增强剂也能显著提高光敏剂的渗透性,这与光化学反应中PpIX的产量与温度有关,即局部温度高,则PpIX产量高。故PDT治疗前,提高局部皮温能显著增加治愈率[7]。

通常MAL的封包时间为3h。Levulan的封包时间为18~24h,可实际应用中多为1h,甚至更短,但研究发现封包1h和3h的清除率并无显著差异(76% vs 85%)[8]。此外,还有其他一些常用的光敏剂,如:金丝桃素和硅钛菁等,也能有效治疗部分表皮恶性肿瘤,但仍需进一步商业推广。

1.2 光源:PDT的光源包括各类激光器光源、过滤氙弧灯、金属卤素灯、荧光灯和发光二极管(light emitting diodes,IEDs)等。窄谱的LEDs光源设备适合皮损面积大的皮肤病,常用的有红光和蓝光。这些LEDs的红光多为630~635nm,不仅能有效激活PpIX,还能去除其他波长的光源,且照射时间短。过滤性强脉冲激光(intense pulsed lights,IPLs)成功运用于PDT,并有效治疗AK。Dirschka等[6,9]分别采用BF-200-ALA和MAL两种光敏剂,比较窄谱和宽谱光源PDT的有效率,结果发现窄谱光源疗效更好(85% vs 72%;68% vs 61%)。而在蓝光中,PpIX的吸收峰值为410nm,其他依次为505nm、540nm、580nm和630nm。

研究发现间断的光源照射能有效提高PDT的治愈率,这可能与“黑暗期”更利于靶组织的重新氧化过程有关。与传统的连续照射方式相比,间断照射法治疗表浅型BCC的有效率较前者明显增高(97% vs 89%),但在治疗BD时却并无显著差异[10-11]。Haas等[12]采用ALA-PDT治疗552例非黑色素皮肤癌,分别在光敏剂封包4h和6h,给予20J/cm2和80J/cm2的照射剂量,两年后完全清除率达95%。同时,Sotiriou等[13]同样采用上述参数的ALA-PDT治疗AK,相比传统的连续照射方式(间隔7天,2个周期),3个月和12个月的完全清除率有显著差异(96% vs 89%;94% vs 85%),提示间断的照射方式可能增加PDT的疗效。但Mosterd等[14]采用ALA-PDT的间断照射方式治疗非皮肤基底细胞癌(no basal cellcarcinoma carcinomas,nBCC)的长期随访结果显示,光敏剂封包4、5h后,作者分别采用75J/cm2的照射剂量,最初的完全清除率和3年后的失败率分别为94%和30%,说明该法对PDT的疗效影响尚不明确。

此外,正常日光也可作为PDT的光源选择。Wiegell等[15]采用日光+MAL-PDT,封包0.5h,自然光照2.5h,与红光+MAL-PDT相比,两组有效率相近,但日光组无明显疼痛感。随后,该作者又将日光照射时间缩短至1.5h,也未出现有效率下降的情况。随后,一项针对不同严重程度AK的多中心临床研究显示,日光+MAL-PDT治疗中重度AK的疗效欠佳,且各组间的有效率差别较大,因此,日光作为PDT备选光源的有效性还有待长期观察[16-17]。目前的国际共识认为,日光+PDT可治疗大面积AK,但需充分考虑气候、光照和针对其余光暴露部位的合理避光措施[18]。此外,还有一种可随身携带的便携式LED光源治疗仪,可进行短时(10min)、低能量的照射,治疗BD和SBCC效果显著,17处皮损中清除了11处,但多数患者伴有轻微疼痛[19-20]。

1.3 预处理:Gerritsen等[7]采用MAL-PDT治疗中等厚度/角化过度型AK、BD前,预先剥脱角质能显著增加疗效,如激光术、刮除术和微晶磨削术,但也有类似研究的临床结果与之不符[21-23]。通常,结节型BCC可能更需要采用刮勺或手术刀等进行预处理。Thissen等[24]采用ALA-PDT治疗前3周,对nBCC进行预处理,治疗1次后,完全清除率达92%。Moloney等[4]采用ALA-PDT或MAL-PDT治疗nBCC,分别给予或不给予预处理,结果发现后者的顽固性nBCC病例明显增多。

2 光动力疗法在感染性皮肤病中的治疗进展

2.1 痤疮:PDT治疗痤疮的相关研究已开展多年,但仍未形成国际化的治疗共识。目前认为采用“低剂量”PDT—即少量光敏剂、短封包时间、低照射剂量(13J/cm2,600~700nm)和穿透性弱的蓝光光源,可通过直接抗菌和调节免疫获得短期疗效。而“高剂量”PDT—即高照射剂量(150J/cm2,550~700nm),则能直接破坏毛囊皮脂腺[20]。或者说,PDT只能暂时减轻痤疮丙酸杆菌感染,却能长久减少皮脂分泌。此外,也有学者认为“高剂量”ALA-PDT或MAL-PDT的疗效相似,光敏剂封包3h或更长时间都能获得长时间缓解,但红光更易破坏毛囊皮脂腺,而蓝光或IPLs更易引起疼痛或显著的炎症反应[23]。资料显示PDT治疗痤疮的炎症性皮损效果更好。Wiegell等[25]采用预处理+MAL-PDT治疗36例中重度痤疮,3个月后炎症性皮损减少68%,非炎症皮损则无明显变化,但所有患者都出现了中重度疼痛、进展性红斑、爆发性脓疱和上皮的剥落。Dragieva等[26]开展了15例痤疮患者的半脸对比研究,随访3个月后发现,MAL-PDT组和ALA-PDT组的炎症性皮损都减少了约59%,且都出现中重度疼痛和爆发性脓疱,但ALA-PDT组不良反应的严重度更高。同时,Horfelt等[27]采用安慰剂与MAL-PDT组进行对比治疗发现,后者的炎症性皮损明显减少(54% vs 20%)。

最新的研究重点聚焦在PDT治疗痤疮的最佳优化方案方面,即获取最大疗效,减少不良反应,且对非炎症性皮损也有效。Mavilia等[28]尝试采用“低剂量” MAL-PDT治疗16例痤疮,即4% MAL的稀释液,封包1.5h和10~20J/cm2的红光照射,3月后随访,炎症性皮损减少66%,但非炎症性皮损仍无明显改变。为增加光敏剂的药物利用度和提高PDT疗效,de Leeuw等[29]采用IPL+0.5%5-ALA脂质体喷雾-PDT,与外用角质剥脱剂组对比,两组疗效相似,炎症性和非炎症性皮损均减少约71%和65%,两组间并无明显差异。此外,Horn 等[30]采用MAL-PDT治疗7例慢性毛囊炎获得良效,但治疗皮脂腺增生和化脓性汗腺炎的疗效则有所差异[31]。Gold等[32]采用ALA-PDT治疗4例化脓性汗腺炎均无效,但Strauss等[33]联合蓝光+ALA-PDT时,有效率却达75%~100%。PDT治疗酒糟鼻的经验尚处于摸索阶段。Bryld等[34]采用MAL-PDT治疗17例患者,10例疗效佳。但Togsverd-Bo等[35]开展的前瞻性对比研究发现,PDL+MAL-PDT组和PDL组间的疗效并无明显差异。

2.2 人乳头瘤病毒感染相关疾病

2.2.1 生殖器疣:局部PDT是治疗生殖器疣的方法之一。Fehr等[36]和Stefanaki等[37]采用ALA-PDT治疗男性尖锐湿疣和女性会阴、阴道湿疣,两组的清除率分别为73%和66%。Wang等[38]采用ALA-PDT治疗164例尿道湿疣,1/4患者达到95%清除率,6~24个月的复发率为5%。

与传统疗法相比,PDT是一种更简单有效且耐受性好的方法。Chen等[39]采用ALA-PDT和CO2激光分别治疗尖锐湿疣,其首次治疗后的有效率和复发率分别为95% vs 100%和6% vs 19%,说明ALA-PDT组的复发率更低。同时,Liang等[40]再次使用ALA-PDT和CO2激光治疗90例尖锐湿疣发现,两组的清除率基本相近,但ALA-PDT组随访3个月后的复发率更低(9% vs 17%)。然而,Szeimies等[41]开展的大型前瞻性临床实验却显示,采用CO2激光+ALA-PDT组和ALA-PDT组共治疗175例尖锐湿疣,治疗3个月后复发率分别为50%和53%,说明ALA-PDT虽然有很好的耐受性,但并不能明显增加CO2激光的清除率,所以两者联合治疗的必要性还有待考察。

2.2.2 难治性手足疣:因为缺乏大规模前瞻性对比研究,所以治疗非生殖器疣有效的PDT并不是一线治疗方案。Smucler等[42]分别采用ALA-PDT、PDL/LED+ALA-PDT、LED三种方法治疗病毒疣,其清除率分别为100%、96%和81%,ALA-PDT明显优于后两种方法。Stender等[43]分别采用ALA-PDT和CO2激光法治疗顽固性手足疣,两组均进行了预处理,但前组疗效显著高于后组(98% vs 52%),疼痛发生率也高。同样,与冷冻法相比,ALA-PDT治疗寻常疣也获得良好效果[44]。对于特殊部位的病毒疣,Schroeter等[45]采用ALA-PDT治疗20例(40处皮损)甲周疣,18例(36处皮损)经过4.5次治疗后获完全清除。此外,尚有MAL-PDT治疗顽固性手部寻常疣的散在病例报道[46]。

2.3扁平疣:研究显示PDT治疗扁平疣有效,但其治愈率、不良反应率和复发率的不确定性,以及额外的医疗费用,使其仅限于顽固复发性面部扁平疣患者的备选治疗方案。1999年,Stender等[47]首次采用ALA-PDT治疗面部多发性扁平疣获得痊愈。随后,Mizuki等[48]和Caucanas等[49]分别报道ALA-PDT治疗13岁患儿和肺移植患者的多发性面部扁平疣获得痊愈的病例[48-49]。中国地区,2008年,Lin等[50]采用ALA治疗3例面部顽固扁平疣患者,2例获得痊愈,1例联合IPL治疗获得痊愈,均无复发。Lu等[51]采用10% ALA-PDT治疗18例面部多发性扁平疣患者,结果1例无效退出,17例患者经过2次治疗后痊愈,其中仅1例在6个月后复发。Li等[52]采用半脸对比实验方法,分别采用5%、10%和20%的ALA-PDT治疗面部扁平疣,其完全清除率为74.1%、68.8%和64.6%,色素沉着是最多的治疗后副作用(61%),结果发现10% ALA-PDT组的临床有效率最佳,且临床耐受性最好,20% ALA-PDT的不良反应发生率最高。

2.3 皮肤利什曼病:综合文献发现,Snoek等[53]采用MAL-PDT或ALA-PDT治疗39例(77处皮损)皮肤利什曼病,有效率约为94%~100%。另有Enk等[54]采用红光联合ALA-PDT治疗11例(32处皮损)痊愈,6月后无复发。此外,Asilian等[55]收集57例皮肤利什曼病例,分别采用红光+ALA-PDT、每天2次外用巴龙霉素或安慰剂,4、8周后的有效率分别为94%(100%)、41%(65%)。PDT治疗机制可能是与非特异性组织的破坏和巨噬细胞的减少有关,而非直接杀死寄生虫[56-57]。

3 小结

病毒感染性皮肤病的种类很多,具有顽固复发等特点,传统治疗方法多,但少有特效根治且耐受性好的办法。光动力疗法为病毒感染性皮肤病治疗提供了一种新的选择,并显示出其优越性:效果显著、副作用少、美容性强。但如何达成光动力疗法治疗各类病毒感染性疾病的优化方案,还需今后长期的临床实验和科研探讨。

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[收稿日期]2014-04-14 [修回日期]2014-05-16

编辑/李阳利

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