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典籍英译过程中的文化补偿策略

2014-04-29彭祺张兰琴

疯狂英语·教师版 2014年2期
关键词:孙子兵法

彭祺 张兰琴

摘 要:20世纪五六十年代,西方翻译研究出现了语言学转向;随后的七十年代,翻译研究又转向了文化层面。近年来文学翻译研究中文化负载词(culture-loaded words)的翻译成为研究热点之一。文化负载词是标志某种文化中特有事物的词、词组和习语,这些词汇反映了特定民族在漫长的历史进程中逐渐积累的,有别于其他民族的、独特的活动方式。《孙子兵法》作为中华民族的优秀文化遗产,其所蕴含的中华文化的精髓,便集中体现在类似“道”“天”“庙算”“五行”等文化负载词中。作者通过比较《孙子兵法》四个译本中文化负载词的英译策略,探索典籍英译过程中文化补偿的有效方式。

关键词:《孙子兵法》;文化负载词翻译;文化补偿;典籍英译

[中图分类号]H315.9

[文献标识码]A

[文章编号]1006-2831(2014)05-0158-4 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2831.2014.02.038

1 . 引言

自1905年英国海军上尉E.F.卡尔斯洛普(Calthrop)英译本问世以来,《孙子兵法》的英译本已超过30种。但是,各译本对于文化负载词的翻译策略不尽相同。个别译者在翻译过程中仅注重传达语义,没有文化层面的考虑,这将造成对源语文化的误译误读。本文将分析几个具有较大影响的译本中文化负载词的翻译策略,探索典籍英译过程中有效的文化补偿措施。

本文选用的译本包括收录于《大师经典文库》的袁士槟教授的译本(以下简称“袁译”)、列入《大中华文库》的林戊荪先生的译本(以下简称“林译”)、E. F. Calthrop译本(以下简称“Calthrop译”)和著名汉学家Thomas Cleary的译本(以下简称“Cleary译”)。

2 . 文化负载词英译策略探析

2 . 1 准确理解文化负载词的涵义

典籍是经过历史考验的经典,是我国文化的精髓。对文化负载词进行准确翻译的前提是正确理解其涵义。在翻译典籍的过程中,必须正确理解原文并准确地进行语言、文化层面的转换。

由于《孙子兵法》成书于2500年以前,译者面临的挑战之一便是对古汉语的理解。如关于“天”的翻译,林戊荪先生与Calthrop均译为“heaven”,袁士槟教授和Cleary则译为“weather”,不同的翻译折射出译者对原文的不同诠释。在《孙子兵法》中,孙子指出,“天者,阴阳、寒暑、时制也”(吴九龙,1996:7)。所谓天,就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、四时节候的变化。从这一角度看,译文中的“heaven”与此处之“天”并不对等。根据《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版增补本)的解释,“heaven”一词具有深刻的宗教涵义,用于指代“the place believed to be the home of God and the angels and of good people after death”,即上帝、天使及善良之人逝后所去之处(笔者译)。考虑到源语言与目的语在文化方面的内涵以及所引发的联想差异较大将会困扰目的语读者,袁译和Cleary译本将之译为“weather”,较之“heaven”,更加接近源语文本语义,但也稍显不足,因为“weather”无法涵盖“季节变化更替”之意。

再如对“将听吾计,用之必胜,留之;将不听吾计,用之必败,去之”一句,有的译者理解为:“如果能听从我的计谋,用兵作战一定胜利,我就留下;如果不能听从我的计谋,用兵作战一定失败,我就离去”(吴九龙,1996:17)。而有的译者理解为:“如果能听从我的计谋,用兵作战一定胜利,则继续任用;如果不能听从我的计谋,用兵作战一定失败,则不再任用。”因而产生了不同的译本:

林譯:The general who employs my assessment methods is bound to win; I shall therefore stay with him. The general who does not heed my words will certainly lose; I shall leave him.

袁译:The general who heeds my counsel is sure to win. Such a general should be retained in command. One who ignores my counsel is certain to be defeated. Such a one should be dismissed.

2 . 2 文化负载词翻译策略之对比

在准确理解源语文本的基础之上,各译本对文化负载词翻译采取了不同的处理方式,接下来举例进行具体分析。

2.2.1 单纯音译

音译的翻译方法主要是将源语文化负载词的发音转换为目标语的发音,如“奇正”译成“qi and zheng”,“镒”译为“yi”。又如,“食敌一钟,当吾二十钟”(作战篇)译为“… for one zhong of the enemys provisions is equivalent to twenty of ones own…”(袁士槟,1998: 10)

“行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也”(虚实篇)译为“That you may march a thousand li without tiring yourself is because you travel where there is no enemy.”(袁士槟,1998: 23)

将这些文化负载词进行单纯的音译,不作进一步说明,译语读者将难以准确地理解源语文本表达的内容,造成理解障碍。

2.2.2 意译

“三军之众,可使必受敌而无败者,奇正是也。”(势篇)

Cleary译:Making the armies able to take on opponents without being defeated is a matter of unorthodox and orthodox methods. (Cleary, 2005: 67)

“行千里而不劳者,行于无人之地也。”(虚实篇)

Cleary译:To travel hundreds of miles without fatigue, go over land where there are no people.(Cleary, 2005: 79)

以上两处译文在处理文化负载词“奇正”与“里”时,通过意译处理,便不能准确表达源语文本涵义,同时抹拭源语文化。“奇正”是我国古时兵法术语,古代作战以对阵交锋为正,设伏掩袭为奇。但是,根据《牛津高阶英语双解词典》(第四版增补本),orthodox的意思是“generally accepted or approved”,即规范的;公认的;普遍赞同的。unorthodox意为非正统的;非正规的。仅用“unorthodox”和“orthodox”两个单词不能充分表达“奇正”丰富的军事内涵。“千里”在译文中用“hundreds of miles”表达,这种归化策略完全掩盖了源语文本的文化特色。

2.2.3 有效文化补偿

2.2.3.1 语义翻译+注释

由于译者对于文化负载词的翻译持不同态度,各译本的翻译策略不尽相同。如“声不过五,五声之变,不可胜听也。色不过五,五色之变,不可胜观也。味不过五,五味之变,不可胜尝也。”(势篇)一句的翻译:

袁译:The musical notes are only five in number, but their combination gives rise to so numerous melodies that one cannot hear them all. The primary colours are only five in number, but their combinations are so infinite that one cannot visualize them all. The flavours are only five in number, but their blends are so various that one cannot taste them all.

Calthrop译:There are five notes; but by combinations, innumerable harmonies are produced. There are but five colours; but if we mix them, the shades are infinite. There are five tastes, but if we mix them there are more flavours than the palate can distinguish. (Note: The five cardinal tastes are acridity, bitterness, sourness, sweetness and saline taste.)

此句中,“五声”是中国传统乐学理论的五声音阶,按音高顺序排列为宫、商、角、徵、羽,即1 2 3 5 6。“五色”指青、黄、赤、白、黑,即黑白加三原色,古代以此五者为正色。五味为酸、咸、辛、苦、甘,泛指各种味道或调和众味而成的美味食品。Calthrop译本对“五味”加以注释,有利于目标语读者对中国古代文化形成一定认识。不足之处是对“五声”“五色”没有进行注释。

2.2.3.2 音译+注释

(形篇)“故胜兵若以镒称铢,败兵若以铢称镒。”(吴九龙,1990:63)意思是:“胜利的军队较之于失败的军队,有如以‘镒称‘铢那样占有绝对的优势;而失败的军队较之于胜利的军队,就像用‘铢称‘镒那样处于绝对的劣势”(吴九龙,1996:67)。各译者分别译为:

袁译:Thus, a victorious army is as one yi [an ancient Chinese weight, approximately equivalent to 24 ounces] balanced against a grain, and a defeated army is as a grain balanced against one yi. (袁士槟,1998: 17)

林译:Thus, a victorious army has full advantage over its enemy, just like pitting 500 grains against one grain; the opposite is true with an army doomed to defeat, like pitting one against 500. (林戊蓀,1999: 29)

Calthrop译:The army that conquers as against the army destined to defeat, is as a beam against a feather in the scales. (Calthrop, 1905: 29)

Cleary译:Therefore a victorious army is like a pound compared to a gram, a defeated army is like a gram compared to a pound. (Cleary, 2005: 66)

该句中,“镒”与“铢”皆为重量单位。“镒”约二十两,“铢”,据《汉书·律历志》,可知古不以十钱为一两,而以二十四铢为一两。此言“以镒称铢”,喻其轻重悬殊。对于“镒”“铢”等文化负载词的翻译,译者采用了四种不同的翻译方法。四个译本中,三个译本(国外两个译本和林戊荪先生的译本)运用了归化的翻译策略,用目标语中已有的单词代替,如beam与feather,pound与gram等,这会方便目标语读者的阅读和理解,但是也会造成译本中中国文化的缺失。而袁译中,保留了源语文化负载词,用“yi”表示,并作了进一步解释,既有利于源语文化的传播,又不会造成目标语读者理解障碍。

“食敌一钟,当吾二十钟”(作战篇)

林译:… for one zhong (tr.: 1,000 litres) of grain obtained from enemy territory is equivalent to 20 zhong shipped from home country, … (林戊荪,1999: 15)

“三军之众,可使必受敌而无败者,奇正是也”(势篇)

林译:Thanks to the combined use of qi (奇) and zheng (正) tactics, the army is able to withstand the onslaught of the enemy forces. (林戊荪,1999: 31)

Qi and zheng, as military terminology used in ancient China, are a pair of opposites. Generally, qi denotes the use of unusual and unexpected methods, of sudden, surprise attacks, of flanking movements in military operations; while zheng denotes the use of normal and regular methods, of frontal attacks and defensive moves in military operations. (林戊荪,1999: 35)

“凡此四军之利,皇帝之所以胜四帝也。”(行军篇)

Calthrop译:Huangti, by observing these things, gained the victory over four Princes.

Huangti (c. 259-c.210 BCE) was the first Emperor of China, who destroyed the existing feudal structure and created a centralized administration based on 36 provinces. As heir himself to the feudal state of China, on becoming Emperor he established(briefly) his Chin dynasty. The name China derives from this. (Calthrop, 1905: 35)

以上译文中,文化负载词的处理方法是先将其音译,然后加注(夹注、脚注或尾注)进行解释,这样不仅保留了源语文化特色,又能够使目标语读者准确理解原文,不失为处理文化负载词的行之有效的翻译方法。但是这样会打扰读者,读者不能顺畅地进行阅读,会因为解释性文字打断思路,影响阅读。

2.2.3.3 音译+解释法

昔殷之兴也,伊挚在夏;周之兴也,吕牙在殷。(用间篇)

该句中的文化负载词如“伊挚”“吕牙”等是与历史文化典故有关的历史人物,也能表现民族的文化传统,在翻译过程中除音译出姓名之外,还应该加以解释,以便读者理解原文,了解源语历史文化。

袁译:In old times, the rise of the Shang Dynasty was due to Yi Zhi, who had served under the Xia, and likewise the rise of the Zhou Dynasty was due to LüYa, who had served under the Yin. (袁士槟,1998: 56)

伊挚为夏臣,但是助殷商灭夏;吕牙(即姜子牙)乃原纣王之臣,后归周,助武王灭纣。只有通过这样的解释,读者才能清楚地理解译文所指。

3 . 结语

通过前文对比分析可见在典籍英译过程中对文化负载词进行单纯英译或直接意译都不利于我国文化对外推广,不是理想的处理方式。有的译者为了译本通顺易懂,恐陌生的文化和语言会引起译文读者的理解困难,甚至将有些含有文化负载词的句子删除不译。如“故五行無常胜,四时无常位,日有短长,月有死生”(虚实篇)、“昔殷之兴也,伊挚在夏;周之兴也,吕牙在殷”(用间篇)等,Cleary译本便删除不译。在当今社会历史环境中,为开创中华文化国际影响力不断增强的新局面,翻译不仅是语言内容层面的翻译,还应该对承载我国独特文化的文化负载词进行文化补偿,构建源语文化以达到传播我国优秀文化传统,不断增强中华文化的国际影响力。

参考文献

Butler-Bowdon, Tom. The Art of War[M]. Chichester: Capstone, 2010.

Cleary, Thomas. The Art of War[M]. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2005.

林戊荪. 孙子兵法 Sunzi: The Art of War[M]. 北京:外文出版社,1 9 9 9 .

吴九龙. 孙子校释[ M ] . 北京:军事科学出版社,1 9 9 6 .

袁士槟. 孙子兵法[ M ] . 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1 9 9 8 .

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