浅谈With复合结构的逻辑意义

王培梅

摘要：“with +复合结构”是英语中比较常用的一种结构，它的句法功能、内部结构以及这种结构的几种变化形式历来备受关注。这种结构常用作状语，表示伴随情况、时间、原因、方式、条件、让步等，也可放在名词后作定语。

关键词：with复合结构逻辑意义

“with +复合结构”虽然是一种附着成份，不能单独成句，但它又不仅仅起简单的修饰作用。它和它所修饰的部分之间存在一定的逻辑关系。通常“with +复合结构”的逻辑主语是它所修饰的句中的名词或代词、该名词或代词的行为或行为对象，在结构上相当于一个“句中句”或其他形式的短语。

1、相当于主句

“with +复合结构”作状语表示伴随情况时，表示句子主语的行为状态，句子重心在该复合结构中其逻辑意义相当于一个主句，而原主句部分起状语作用。这种现象可以称为“逻辑语法错位”。如：

The teacher came in， with the students following him.

其逻辑意义是：The students followed the teacher when he came in.

2、相当于从句

“with +复合结构”作状语（表示时间、原因、条件、让步等）及定语时，在逻辑意义上相当于一个从句。如：

But already， with more than thirty-five years of life left to him， Edison had played a major part in many of the inventions. （S3B2： 93）

其逻辑意义是：But already， though there were still more than thirty-five years of life left to him， Edison had played a major part in many of the inventions.

3、相当于并列句

“with +复合结构”内部本身含有逻辑主谓关系，还可在逻辑意义上相当于一个并列分句。如：

He ran into the room with his face covered with sweat.

其逻辑意义是：He ran into the room and his face was covered with sweat.

4、相当于分词短语

许多“with +复合结构”可相当于分词短语作定语或状语。如：

①Cartoons are made up of thousands of drawings， with a different drawing to show each movement. （S2B1： 42）

其逻辑意义是：Cartoons are made up of thousands of drawings having a different drawing to show each movement.

②At the word “go”， the skier， dressed in a tight racing parka and with goggles to protect his eyes， races downhill from the starting gate. （S3B1： 118）

其逻辑意义是；At the word “go”， the skier， dressed in a tight racing parka and wearing goggles to protect his eyes， races downhill from the starting gate.

5、相当于介词短语

有些“with +复合结构”可相当于介词短语。如：

With his parents to help him， he is likely to succeed.

其邏辑意义是：With the help of his parents， he is likely to succeed.

6、相当于独立主格结构

有些“with +复合结构”若省略with即称为独立主格结构。如：

Then， （with） her eyes still bright with tears， she ran out of the door and down the stairs to the street. （S3B2： 64）

7、表示逻辑主谓宾关系

当with sth. to do 结构中动词与名词之间为逻辑动宾关系时，其逻辑意义为“逻辑主语+have to do sth. ”。如：

She couldnt go to play with her homework to do.

其逻辑意义是：She couldnt go to play because she had to do her homework.

8、表示逻辑主谓宾补关系

当“with+n. +动词过去分词”在句中作定语或状语说明人的行为状态时，其逻辑意义相当于“逻辑主语+have sth. Done”结构。如：

When she got home， with her small but well-chosen present concealed in her handbag， her parents were already at table having dinner. （S2B1： 96）

其逻辑意义是：When she got home and she had her small but well-chosen present concealed in her handbag， her parents were already at table having dinner.

9、作逻辑主语

使动性较强的with复合结构在逻辑意义上相当于一个动作行为作主语。如：

With winter approaching， its getting colder and colder day by day.

其逻辑意义是：The approaching winter makes it get colder and colder day by day.

10、with复合结构中宾语的逻辑修饰语或限定词

With复合结构中宾语的逻辑修饰语或限定词通常是它所修饰或说明的逻辑主语（通常为句中的主语或宾语）。如：

①She looked up at me with tears streaming down her cheeks.

Tears 的逻辑限定词为her（she）。

②In the dinning-hall there is a table with one leg shorten than the other three.

one leg的逻辑限定词为a table，相当于“one leg of the table is……”。

参考文献：

[1]戴炜栋.高级中学课本——英语（1-6册）.上海外语教育出版社，1997.

[2]陆谷孙.英汉大词典.上海译文出版社，1993.