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浅析虚拟语气的用法

2014-04-29雷华

西江月·上旬 2014年4期
关键词:虚拟语气用法形式

雷华

【摘 要】虚拟语气是英语动词的一种特殊形式,用来表明说话人的主观愿望、请求、建议、假想及一些不可能实现或实现的可能性很小的情况。其表达的方式多种多样,是学生语法学习中的一大难点。本文就虚拟语气的一些用法归纳如下,以帮助解决虚拟语气这个语法难点。

【关键词】虚拟语气;形式;用法

一、最基本的虚拟语气句型(以if引导的从句)

1、虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。

如:If he were free, he would help us.

If he studied at this school, he would know you well.

2、虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had +过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。

如:If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it.

If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.

3、虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If 从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would /should/could/ might +动词原形。

如:If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time.

If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.

4、注意事项

4.1在if 引导的虚拟语气条件句中,引导词if 可以省略,但同时需要将从句倒装,即将从句中的助动词had, should, were 或be 等词提到主语之前。

4.2 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式依据它所表示的时间来调整。

二、虚拟语气在表示要求、建议、命令等的从句中的应用

2.1 用在宾语从句中:advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:(should) + 原形动词。如:

The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here.

The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul.

但是,当insist的意思为:“坚决认为,坚持说”;suggest的意思为:“表明,暗含,暗示”等时,宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。

2.2 用在表语从句、同位语从句中:表示建议、命令、要求或想法、计划等名词后面的,其后的从句中,谓语动词的形式为“(should) do”。

如:My request is that we(should)finish the work today.

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.

2.3 用在主语从句中: 在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:?should + 动词原形,主句中的谓语动词形式不限。

句型:

(1)It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural…that…

(2)It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that…

(3)It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that…

(4)It worries me that…

如:It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. It is strange that he should not come.

三、虛拟语气在特殊句式中的使用

1、在lest \for fear that (以免) \incase (以防) 从句中用should + 动词原形,should 可以省略。

如:He took an umbrella with him lest he (should) be caught in a shower.

He studied very hard for fear (that) he should fail in the entrance examination.

Please remind me of it in case (that) I should forget.

2、用于wish 后的that 从句中:在动词wish后的宾语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气,现在或将来的动作用过去式(常含有情态动词could或would);过去的动作用过去完成式。

如:How I wish I could fly to the moon.

He wishes I had come yesterday.

3、用于定语从句中:在定语从句It is (high) time (that)句型中,从句的谓语动词用过去式,意为“(现在) 该”。

如: It is time we had / should have lunch.

Its (high) time I went and picked up my little girl from school.

4、在would rather,would sooner,would just as soon 后的that 从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示“宁愿做什么”。

5、在if only 感叹句中,谓语动词与wish 宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.

6、含有介词without, but for, except for短语的句子,谓语常用虚拟语气,现在的动作用“should或would + 动词原形”,过去的动作用“should或would have + 过去词”。如:

(1)But for Chairman Mao, we should at least be wandering about in the darkness.

(2)Without your advice, I would have failed.

7、用于as if / as though\even if\even though 引导的状语从句中:表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况,用过去完成式。注:在as if / as though 句中,如果有可能成为事实,用陈述语气。

总之,虛拟语气是一个相对复杂难解的英语语法项目,困惑许多学习者。面对虚拟语气,不能生硬的照搬,需要多做多练,结合具体的语境灵活的去理解和使用。

【参考文献】

[1]闫茉秋,闫茉华.关于虚拟语气的用法[J].河北自学考试,2005(7):17.

[2]张军涛.英语虚拟语气及用法[J].牡丹江教育学院学报,2004(1):71-72.

[3]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海外语教育出版社,2000.

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