《牛津英语词典》里的中文词汇──20世纪末、21世纪初的两个新词
2014-03-10曾泰元
∷曾泰元
《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary)依历史原则编纂,是英语世界最大、最权威的英语词典。自2010年底整合资源,更新条目、定义与书证后,以在线版的形态重新问世。在线版的《牛津英语词典》收录了300个左右源自中文的词汇,或音译(loanword)或借译(loan translation)。
从2013年第8期开始,作者每期介绍两条,照登《牛津英语词典》的定义并加以翻译,解释其词源,挑选精当的书证,以英汉双语的方式呈现。
taikonaut (中国的)太空人;宇航员
【词源】[< Apparently a blend of Chinese tàikŌng outer space and astronaut.] 明显是由中文的“太空”与英文的astronaut“宇航员”混和而成。
【定义】n. A Chinese astronaut 中国的宇航员
【书证】
The taikonauts probably will stay aloft for at least a day, testing the maneuverability of their capsule. 中国的宇航员在高空或许起码会待上一天,测试轨道舱的操纵性。──美国《今日美国》报(USA Today),1999/6/28
She’s a little taikonaut to be. 她是个未来的小宇航员。──《终端渐速》(Accelerando),2005
goji 枸杞
【词源】[< Chinese gǒuqǐ goji plant. The form of the English word may originate from an irregular transliteration used in Taiwan China, from where the berries were first introduced to Western markets; it does not conform to any of the major transliteration systems.]源自中文“枸杞”。西方市场的枸杞是先从中国台湾引进的,因此这个词的英文拼法可能来自中国台湾。这不是个规律的拼写,不符合任何主流的拼音系统。
【定义】In full goji berry. The edible bright red berry of either of two species of wolfberry, Lycium barbarum and L. chinense, widely cultivated in China and supposed to contain high levels of certain vitamins. 全称为goji berry。有宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)和枸杞(Lycium chinense)两个品种,鲜红色的浆果皆可食用,在中国广泛栽植,一般认为某些维生素的含量甚高。
【书证】
One of my favourite stories is the legend of a Chinese man who faithfully ate gojis and lived to the ripe old age of 252. 我最喜欢的故事之一是一个中国人的传奇。他长期食用枸杞,活到了252岁的高龄。──《超天然料理》(Super Natural Cooking),2007
Blueberries, pomegranates, goji berries, açai: over the last few years marketers, purveyors and others have anointed these as superfruits. 蓝莓、石榴、枸杞、巴西莓:过去这些年来,商家、供货商以及许多人都把这四者钦点为超级水果。──美国《纽约时报》(The New York Times),2009/3/12