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樟树叶化学成分的研究

2014-02-10王智慧凌铁军鲍官虎孙启祥汪小刚方从兵

天然产物研究与开发 2014年6期
关键词:糖苷槲皮素樟树

王智慧,凌铁军,张 梁,鲍官虎,孙启祥,张 倩,汪小刚,方从兵*

1安徽农业大学茶叶生物化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室,合肥 230036;2 中国林业科学研究院林业研究所国家林业局林木培育重点实验室,北京 100091

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)是樟科(Lauraceae)樟属植物,别名:香樟、樟木、芳樟、乌樟、油樟、香蕊、小叶樟,系常绿乔木[1]。樟树分布广泛,主产于我国南方各省区,以福建、台湾为最多,为热带和亚热带常绿阔叶林的代表树种,被誉为江南宝树。樟树的化学成分主要有挥发油、黄酮类、生物碱、有机酸、木脂素及核糖体失活蛋白等,樟树的茎、叶、根、果实、种子等各部分都具有一定的生物活性,主要涉及抑菌[2,3]、食品防腐保鲜[4,5]、驱虫[6,7]、抗氧化[8]、消炎及细胞毒活性[9]等方面,在临床医学应用上也越来越常见[10,11]。

目前,对樟树的研究大多集中在挥发油的化学成分检测分析和粗提物生物活性方面,而对于樟树叶片中非挥发性成分的化学组成相关报道较少。本文以干燥处理的樟树叶为材料,经过醇提、萃取、柱层析对樟树叶中有效的非挥发性成分进行分离及结构鉴定,共分离和鉴定出9个化合物,最后与已知文献数据对照,确证化合物结构。分别为山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(1),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-鼠李糖苷(2),槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(3),异鼠李素-3-Oβ-D-葡萄糖苷(4),黑色五味子单体苷(5),山奈酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(6),异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(7),新芝麻脂素(8)和maculatin(9)。其中,化合物1 为首次从樟属中分离得到,化合物4、5 和8 为首次从樟科植物中分离得到。

1 材料与仪器设备

樟树叶采自安徽合肥市苗圃,经安徽农业大学林学与园林学院黄成林教授鉴定为Cinamomum camphora 的树叶。

核磁共振波谱仪(美国BROKER 公司,400 MHz1H NMR,100 MHz13C NMR),旋转蒸发器(上海申胜生物技术有限公司R-201 型),核磁测试用氘代试剂DMSO、氯仿、甲醇(美国CIL 公司),电子天平(上海天平仪器厂T6328B 型),电热鼓风干燥箱(上海一恒科技有限公司),实验试剂为分析纯(天津博迪有限公司),硅胶(柱层析用,100~200、200~300、300~400 目,青岛海洋化工厂分厂),葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex LH-20,美国Pharmacia 公司),聚酰胺粉(国药集团化学试剂有限公司),聚酰胺薄膜(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。

2 提取与分离

将8.4 kg 烘干樟树叶全部粉碎,用甲醇浸提3次,得750 g 樟树叶甲醇粗提浸膏,依次采用石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇3 种不同极性的有机试剂分级萃取,得到石油醚部分(100 g)、氯仿部分(45 g)、正丁醇部分(160 g)及水相4个部分的分级萃取物浸膏。

正丁醇浸膏(160 g)经HPD-500 型大孔树脂层析柱,得到Ⅰ~Ⅴ五个部分。部分II(51.7 g)湿法过硅胶柱,乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(10∶0.5∶0.5→6∶0.5∶0.5→2∶0.5∶0.5)梯度洗脱得到组分1~13。组分2(2.7 g),依次通过过硅胶柱(乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水)、聚酰胺柱(二氯甲烷-甲醇)梯度洗脱,得到化合物1(15 mg)和化合物2(39 mg)。组分3(1.5 g),上聚酰胺柱,用二氯甲烷-甲醇(4∶1)洗脱剂洗脱,得化合物3(10 mg)和化合物4(16 mg)。组分4(约200 mg)有白色化合物析出,抽滤得白色沉淀部分,过凝胶柱得到化合物5(10 mg)。组分7(3.2 g),湿法过硅胶柱,氯仿-甲醇-水(15∶1∶0.1→10∶1∶0.1→7∶1∶0.1→7∶3∶0.5)梯度洗脱,得化合物6(40 mg)。组分8(1.6g),湿法过硅胶柱,二氯甲烷-甲醇-水(15∶1∶0.1→10∶1∶0.1→7∶1;0.1→8;2∶0.3)梯度洗脱,得化合物7(35 mg)。

氯仿浸膏(45 g),湿法过硅胶柱,丙酮-石油醚(6∶1→4∶1→2∶1→1∶1)梯度洗脱,得化合物8(50 mg)和化合物9(100 mg)。

3 结构鉴定

化合物1 黄色粉末(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:447[M-H]-。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400 MHz)δ:12.61(1H,s,5-OH),8.05(2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-2',6'),6.89(2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-3',5'),6.44(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),6.21(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),5.46(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-1'')。以上数据与文献[12]报道数据一致,故鉴定化合物1 为山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖糖苷。

化合物2 黄色粉末(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:447[M-H]-。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400 MHz)δ:6.20(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),6.39(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),7.53(1H,br s,H-2'),6.85(1H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-5'),7.45(1H,dd,J=2.4,8.8 Hz,H-6'),5.27(1H,br s,H-1''),4.39(1H,d,J=1.2 Hz,H-2''),3.71(1H,d,J=10.4 Hz,H-3''),3.06-3.39(2H,m,H-4'',5''),0.99(3H,d,J=6.4 Hz,H-6'')。以上光谱数据与文献[13]对照,确定化合物2 为槲皮素-3-O-β-D-鼠李糖苷。

化合物3 黄色固体(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:463[M-H]-。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400 MHz)δ:7.59(1H,dd,J=2.0,8.8 Hz,H-6'),7.59(1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-2'),6.87(1H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-5'),6.39(1H,d,J=2.4 Hz,H-8),6.20(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),5.25(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-l'')。以上数据与文献[14]中槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷一致,故鉴定化合物3 为槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷。

化合物4 黄色粉末(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:477[M-H]-。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400 MHz)δ:12.62(1H,s,5-OH),7.95(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2'),7.51(1H,dd,J=2.0,8.4 Hz,H-6'),6.92(1H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-5'),6.45(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),6.22(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),5.57(1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-1''),3.85(3H,s,3'-OCH3);13C NMR(DMSO-d6,100 Hz)δ:177.4(C-4),164.2(C-7),161.2(C-5),156.4(C-9),156.2(C-2),149.4(C-4'),146.9(C-3'),133.0(C-3),122.0(C-1'),121.1(C-6'),115.2(C-5'),113.5(C-2'),104.0(C-10),100.8(C-1''),98.7(C-6),93.7(C-8),77.4(C-5''),76.4(C-3''),74.3(C-2''),69.8(C-4''),60.6(C-6''),55.7(3'-OCH3)。以上数据与文献[12,15]报道数据基本一致,故鉴定化合物4 为异鼠李素-3-Oβ-D-葡萄糖苷。

化合物5 白色无定型粉末(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:515[M +Na]+。1H NMR(CD3OD,400 MHz)δ:6.77(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2),6.74(1H,d,J=8.0 Hz,H-6),6.65(1H,s,H-2'),6.62(1H,dd,J=2.0 Hz,8.0 Hz,H-5),6.16(1H,d,J=0.4 Hz,H-5'),4.05(1H,d,J=10.4 Hz,H-9a)*,4.04(1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-1''),3.97(1H,dd,J=2.4,9.6 Hz,H-9'a),3.80(3H,s,3-OCH3),3.79(3H,s,3'-OCH3),3.79(1H,m,H-5''a)*,3.75(1H,dd,J=4.0,11.2 Hz,H-9b),3.69(1H,dd,J=6.0,10.8 Hz,H-9'b),3.45(1H,m,H-4'),3.17-3.27(3H,m,H-7),3.11(1H,t,J=11.2 Hz,H-2'),2.82(2H,m,H-7'),2.06(1H,m,H-8),1.85(1H,tt,J=2.8,10.8 Hz,H-8');13C NMR(CD3OD,100 MHz):134.4(C-1),114.3(C-2),147.2(C-3),145.2(C-4),116.1(C-5),123.2(C-6),48.0(C-7),45.9(C-8),69.6(C-9),129.1(C-1'),112.5(C-2'),149.0(C-3''),145.9(C-4'),117.4(C-5'),138.6(C-6''),33.8(C-7'),39.7(C-8'),66.9(C-9'),105.8(C-1''),78.0(C-2''),75.0(C-3''),71.3(C-4''),65.2(C-5''),56.5(3-OCH3),56.4(3'-OCH3)。以上数据与文献报道[16]的黑色五味子单体苷数据对照,基本一致,确定化合物5 为黑色五味子单体苷。

化合物6 黄色固体(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:593[M-H]-。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400 MHz)δ:12.56(1H,s,5-OH),10.32(1H,s,7-OH),10.10(1H,s,4'-OH),7.98(2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-2',6'),6.88(2H,d,J=8.8 Hz,H-3',5'),6.41(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),6.21(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),5.3l(1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-l''),4.37(1H,d,J=1.2 Hz,H-1'''),3.01-3.70(4H,m,sugar protons),0.98(3H,d,J=6.4 Hz,H-6''');13C NMR (DMSO-d6,100 MHz):157.3 (C-2),133.7 (C-3),178.0 (C-4),161.6(C-5),99.1(C-6),164.6(C-7),94.2(C-8),157.0(C-9),104.3(C-10),121.4(C-1'),131.4(C-2',6'),115.6(C-3',5'),160.3(C-4'),101.3(C-1''),74.6(C-2''),76.8(C-3''),70.8(C-4''),76.2(C-5''),67.3 (C-6''),101.2 (C-1'''),71.1 (C-2'''),70.4(C-3'''),72.2(C-4'''),68.7(C-5'''),18.2(C-6''')。以上数据与文献[12,17]报道数据基本一致。故鉴定化合物6 为山柰酚-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷。

化合物7 黄色固体(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:623[M-H]-。1H NMR(DMSO-d6,400 MHz)δ:12.57(1H,s,5-OH),7.85(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2'),7.50(1H,dd,J=2.0,8.4 Hz,H-6'),6.91(1H,d,J=8.4 Hz,H-5'),6.43(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-8),6.20(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-6),5.43(1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-1''),4.49(1H,br s,H-1'''),3.84(3H,s,3'-OCH3),3.01-3.72(3H,m,sugar protons),0.98(3H,d,J=6.0 Hz,H-6''');13C NMR(DMSO-d6,100 MHz)δ:17.6(C-6'''),55.6(3'-OCH3),66.8(C-6''),68.2 (C-5'''),70.1 (C-3'''),70.3 (C-2'''),70.6(C-4'''),71.8(C-4'''),74.2(C-2''),75.9(C-3''),76.4(C-5''),93.8(C-8),98.7(C-6),100.8(C-1'''),101.1(C-1''),104.0(C-10),113.3(C-2'),115.2(C-5'),121.0(C-1'),122.3(C-6'),133.0(C-3),146.9(C-4'),149.4(C-3'),156.4(C-2,9),161.2(C-5),164.1(C-7),177.3(C-4)。以上数据与文献[18,19]报道数据基本一致,故鉴定化合物7为异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷。

化合物8 无色针状晶体(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:375[M+Na]+。1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:6.76~6.88(6H,m,H-Ar),5.95(4H,s,2(-OCH2O-)),5.94(1H,s,H-4β),4.95(1H,d,J=6.8 Hz,H-2),4.83(1H,d,J=7.2 Hz,H-6),4.23(1H,dd,J=6.0,9.2 Hz,H-8β),4.01(1H,dd,J=2.4,9.2 Hz,H-8α),3.23(1H,m,H-1),2.97(1H,m,H-5);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz)δ:54.80(C-1,5),72.79(C-8),84.12 (C-6),87.99 (C-2),101.90 (C-2 (-OCH2O)),102.53(C-4),107.03(C-2'),107.77(C-2''),108.43(C-5'),108.78(C-5'),120.26(C-6'),120.42 (C-6''),137.66 (C-1'),138.56 (C-1''),147.77 (C-3'),147.94 (C-3''),148.74 (C-4'),148.91(C-4'')。上述波谱数据与文献[20]一致,故鉴定化合物8 为新芝麻脂素。

化合物9 白色晶体(甲醇);EIS-MS m/s:409[M+Na]+。1H NMR(CDCl3,400 MHz)δ:6.77(1H,d,J=8.0 Hz,H-5),6.75(1H,d,J=7.6 Hz,H-5'),6.69(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2),6.66(1H,dd,J=2.0,8.0 Hz,H-6),6.55(1H,dd,J=2.0,8.0 Hz,H-6'),6.49(1H,d,J=2.0 Hz,H-2'),4.12(1H,dd,J=7.2,9.2 Hz,H-9'β),3.87(1H,dd,J=1.6,3.6 Hz,H-9'α)*,3.86(3H,s,3-OCH3),3.85(3H,s,3'-OCH3),3.84(3H,s,4-OCH3),3.82(3H,s,4'-OCH3),2.64(1H,m,H-7'β),2.58(1H,m,H-8),2.53(1H,m,H-7'α),2.48(1H,m,H-8'),2.93(1H,dd,J=6.4,14.0 Hz,H-7α),2.97(1H,dd,J=6.0,14.0 Hz,H-7β);13C NMR(DMSO-d6,100 MHz):178.68(C-9),149.17(C-3),149.04(C-3'),147.95(C-4),147.82(C-4'),131.68(C-1),131.03(C-1'),121.72(C-6),120.88(C-6'),113.65(C-2),112.89(C-2'),112.34(C-5),112.20(C-5'),71.17 (C-9'),55.94 (4-OCH3),55.92 (4' -OCH3),55.88(3-OCH3),55.82(3' -OCH3),46.09(C-8),41.26(C-8'),37.38(C-7'),34.14(C-7)。上述波谱数据与文献[21,22]一致,确定化合物9 为maculatin。

* :有信号覆盖。

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地榆成分3,3′-二甲氧基逆没食子酸-4-木糖苷对NIH3T3细胞促增殖作用及其机制研究
樟树扦插繁殖研究进展
槲皮素改善大鼠铜绿假单胞菌肺感染
HPLC法测定马铃薯块茎中糖苷生物碱的含量
槲皮素诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡及其与Fas/FasL通路的相关性研究
槲皮素通过抑制蛋白酶体活性减轻心肌细胞肥大