睡莲属植物化学成分及生物活性研究进展
2014-01-09吉腾飞顾政一李晨阳
赵 军,徐 芳,吉腾飞,顾政一,李晨阳
1新疆维吾尔自治区药物研究所维吾尔药重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830004;2 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药物研究所 天然药物活性成分与功能国家重点实验室,北京 100050
睡莲属Nymphaea 为睡莲科Nymphaeaceae 多年生水生草本植物,广泛分布于温带及热带地区。睡莲属植物在民间有着悠久的药用历史,其中雪白睡莲花Nymphaea candida 是我国维吾尔族人民的传统药材,它的干燥花蕾已被收入《中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准维吾尔药分册》中,用于感冒发烧、头痛咳嗽、心悸不安、咽痛等病症的治疗[1]。近年来研究发现该属植物具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗辐射、降血糖和降血压等多种生物活性,黄酮及酚酸类化合物是其主要的特征性成分。本文对睡莲属植物的化学成分及生物活性的研究进展做一综述,以期为该属植物资源的开发利用提供参考。
1 生物学特性及资源分布
睡莲属植物根茎肥厚,叶二型,浮水叶圆形或卵形,基部具弯缺,心形或箭形,常无出水叶;沉水叶薄膜质,质脆。花大形,浮在或高于水面;萼片4,近离生;花瓣白色、黄色、粉色或蓝色,12~32,多成轮;花柱头成凹入柱头盘;浆果海绵状,不规则开裂,水面下成熟;种子坚硬,为胶质物包裹,有肉质假种皮,胚小。该属植物多生长在池沼地,也是睡莲科中分布最广的一属,除南极之外,世界各地皆可找到睡莲的踪迹。目前在全世界约有35 种,我国原产5 种:白睡莲、雪白睡莲、延药睡莲、睡莲、柔毛齿叶睡莲,国内各省区均有栽培,主供观赏[2]。
白睡莲N.alba,叶全缘或具波状钝齿,两面无毛;花瓣白色;萼片脱落或花期后腐烂;内轮雄蕊花丝丝状,柱头扁平;根茎匍匐。主产于我国的河北、山东、陕西和浙江等地,在印度、欧洲及高加索地区也有分布。
雪白睡莲N.candida,内轮花丝披针形;柱头深凹;萼片矩圆状卵形;根茎直立或斜生;余同白睡莲。主产于我国新疆的南部地区,在西伯利亚、中亚、欧洲也有分布。
延药睡莲N.stellata,叶全缘或具波状钝齿,两面无毛;花瓣白色带青紫、鲜蓝色或紫红色;萼片宿存。主产于我国的湖北、广东、海南及云南南部地区,国外主要分布在印度、越南、缅甸、泰国及非洲中部等地。
睡莲N.tetragona,叶全缘或具波状钝齿,两面无毛;花瓣白色;萼片宿存。大部分原产北非和东南亚热带地区,少数产于南非、欧洲和亚洲的温带和寒带地区,日本、朝鲜、印度、前苏联、西伯利亚及欧洲等地。
柔毛齿叶睡莲N.lotus,叶边缘有不等三角状锐齿,下面密生柔毛、微柔毛或近无毛;花瓣白色、红色或粉色。在我国主要分布云南南部、台湾,常见于南亚、东南亚等地区,在澳洲东北部、新内几亚也可见。
2 化学成分
睡莲属植物包括黄酮、酚酸、生物碱、木脂素及多糖等多种类型化合物。
2.1 黄酮类及酚酸类
从睡莲属植物中共分离的到的黄酮类及酚酸类化合物70 余个,分别为黄酮、黄酮醇及异黄酮类,见表1。
表1 睡莲属植物中的黄酮类及酚酸类化合物Table 1 Flavonoids and phenolic acid compounds in Nymphaea genus
2.2 其它
从N.odorata 中分离得到两个木脂素类化合物nymphaeoside A (75),icariside E(76),从N.gracilis中分离得到两个齐墩果烷型三萜皂苷类化合物methyl-oleanolate-3-O-β-D-glucopyrnoside (77),and 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-oleanolate (78)。此外,睡莲属植物中还含有多糖类、生物碱(去甲乌药碱,79),以及Nymphayol (25,26-dinorcholest-5-en-3βol,80)、isosalipurposide (81),β-sitosterol (82),β-sitosterol palmitate (83),24-methylenecholesterol palmitate (84),4α-methyl-5α-ergosta -7,24 (28)-diene-3β,4β-diol (85),β-谷甾醇(86)和豆甾醇(87)等化合物[18-21]。
3 药理作用
3.1 抗菌作用
N.hybrida 中的五倍子鞣酸和鞣花酸具有明显的抗菌作用[22],进一步研究显示该植物所含的黄酮醇苷类化合物也具有显著的抗炎、抗菌和止痛作用[23]。Kurihara 等[24]从N.tetragona 中分离得到了一种可以抗鱼病原菌的可水解鞣质老鹤草素。N.odorata 中的三个黄酮类化合物afzelin、quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 和myricetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside 具有较为显著的脂肪酸合成酶抑制作用(IC50分别为45、50、25 μg/mL)[25]。Yildirim 等通过生物活性筛选发现白睡莲N.alba 具有显著的抗菌和抗肿瘤活性[26]。
3.2 抗炎作用
柔毛睡莲花N.pubescens 水提取物可通过抑制iNOS 的表达显著抑制脂多糖刺激巨噬细胞NO 的产生(IC50=75.5 μg/mL),500 mg/kg 的剂量还能显著降低角叉菜胶诱导的足肿胀[27]。在四氯化碳诱导的化学性肝损伤模型中,该药材提取物能明显降低ALT、AST 和胆红素的含量,恢复SOD 和GSH的活性[28]。Hsu 报道了从黄睡莲N.mexicana 中分离纯化得到的7 个黄酮及酚酸类成分对LPS 诱导小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7 产生的NO、MCP-1 和TNFα 具有显著的抑制作用,同时对iNOS、COX-2 和phospho-EPK 也具有明显的抑制作用[29]。据《印度草药学》记载[30],睡莲花N.satellite 是治疗肝炎的传统药物,该植物提取物对四氯化碳引起的肝损伤有较好的保护作用。雪白睡莲花提取物可明显降低卡介苗联合脂多糖诱导原代肝细胞引发的AST、ALT和NO 的增高,显示了明显的保肝作用[31]。经红睡莲多糖NR-PS 处理后,鼠骨髓造血细胞的未成熟细胞中的CD80/86 和MHC class Ⅱ的表达明显增加,TH1 细胞因子IL-12 和TNF-γ 显著增加,IL-10 显著减少,结果说明了NR-PS 是影响未分化细胞成熟和功能的免疫调节剂[32]。
3.3 神经保护作用
在古埃及和印第安文明中,睡莲花作为麻醉药在宗教仪式中使用[33]。清华大学杜力军课题组对从雪白睡莲中分离得到的10 种黄酮单体进行了药理活性研究,结果发现其中新化合物山奈酚3-O-(2″-O-没食子酰基)芦丁糖苷同时具有在拟缺血条件下对神经细胞PC12 的杀伤和对大鼠皮层原代神经元的保护作用,且这10 种黄酮类化合物具有较强的抗氧化活性[4]。也有学者[34]研究了该属植物的乙醇提取物,发现该提取物有较好的抗焦虑作用。同时Delphaut.和Balansard[35]对N.alba 根茎提取物用酒石酸酸化后测得其中含有一种生物碱和一种葡萄糖苷,动物实验表现出温和的镇静和解痉作用,且无明显的心脏抑制作用,毒性较小。研究显示,白睡莲乙醇提取物具有抗焦虑作用[36]。与溶剂对照组相比较,白睡莲乙醇提取物(100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o.)能明显增加小鼠在高架十字迷路开臂的次数与时间(P <0.05);并可使小鼠在明箱停留时间和穿箱次数增加,较少了静止不动的持续时间;在旷场试验(OFT)中,白睡莲乙醇提取物可明显增加小鼠后肢站立次数,水平运动及垂直运动,增强了小鼠的探究兴趣;在新型食物消耗实验中,该提取物还可明显改善焦虑相关的攻击行为。
3.4 降血压和降血糖作用
在印度和尼泊尔,延药睡莲花常用来治疗糖尿病,其提取物对四氧嘧啶诱导的大鼠糖尿病模型有降糖作用。进一步研究表明该植物提取物有明显的肠内葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,且无急毒或基因毒性,可以用于治疗糖尿病患者的餐后高血压症[37]。研究显示延药睡莲花提取物有明显的降血糖作用,以300 mg/kg 的剂量服用4 h 后,能显著降低血糖水平(45%)[38]。进一步从该部位分离纯化得到的化合物Nymphayol(25,26-dinorcholest-5-en-3β-ol)具有明显的降血糖作用,同时也能有效增加糖尿病大鼠总胰岛素水平[39]。在四氧嘧啶诱导的大鼠糖尿病模型中,延药睡莲花提取物能明显降低FBG、TL、TC、TG、FFA 和LDL 的水平,同时也能显著增加HDL、血清胰岛素的水平[40,41]。延药睡莲叶乙醇提取物也能显著降低四氧嘧啶引起的血糖升高,同时也影响血清胆固醇和甘油三酯水平[42]。延药睡莲花提取物降血糖作用可能的机制是刺激β-细胞、增加胰岛素的分泌和激活胰岛素受体[43]。Khan N 等[44,45]研究了睡莲花N.alba 提取物对Fe-NTA 诱导的肾氧化压,高渗透压和肾癌小鼠的预防作用,发现该提取物是潜在的产生这些作用的化学阻滞剂。Odintsova等[46]研究发现N.alba 的全草提取物对诱发动物脑垂体分泌失调性高血压有明显的调节作用,可有效阻止血压大幅上升,并且毒性较低。
3.5 抗辐射作用
γ-射线照射可引发DNA 损伤和处于增殖期干细胞和外周免疫细胞的凋亡,继而破坏肠腺和淋巴系统。从N.tetragona 中分离得到的老鹤草素能通过提高增殖、减轻DNA 损伤、减少凋亡基因P53 和Bax 的表达以及增加抗凋亡基因Bcl-2 抑制放射敏感性脾细胞的凋亡;老鹤草素能明显减少γ-射线照射下小鼠脾细胞和肠腺细胞的凋亡[16]。老鹤草素还能显著减少γ-射线所引起中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞中活性氧水平,并能使减少的SOD 得到恢复,保护γ-射线导致的细胞成分及细胞膜的损坏[47]。而Huang 等[48]研究发现睡莲属植物中的1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG)对正常损害剂量的免疫细胞有保护作用,能显著提高脾细胞的增殖、减少凋亡基因P53 的表达以及增加抗凋亡基因Bcl-2 抑制放射敏感性脾细胞的凋亡。这些化合物有望成为抗辐射的药物。
3.6 其它作用
Saleem 等[49]研究了巴基斯坦产睡莲花的抗氧化活性,结果显示该药材的总酚类成分有着较好的抗氧化能力,并且明显优于α-生育酚。睡莲花N.rubra 乙醇提取物具有显著的驱虫活性[50]。
4 结语
近年来的药理作用研究多集中于该属植物的粗提物和少数化合物上,对其传统的治疗应用也有所验证,但对多种药理作用及临床应用的物质基础并没有得到系统阐明。如雪白睡莲花在在祖卡木颗粒、炎消迪娜尔糖浆等抗炎抗病毒维吾尔药复方制剂中广泛使用,并且是这些制剂发挥抗炎抗病毒的主要药物,但发挥作用的成分仍不清楚。因此,有必要将化学成分与生物活性研究紧密结合起来,以系统阐明该属植物的药效物质基础,为其资源的综合开发应用提供基础数据。
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