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任务型教学法在中国高中英语教学中的应用*

2013-08-04张维娟

湖北科技学院学报 2013年1期
关键词:教学法英语教学教学模式

张维娟

(四川外语学院南方翻译学院,重庆401120)

起源于20世纪80年代,任务型教学法(task-based language teaching)是以第二语言的习得理论和心理语言学的实验法研究为基础,以任务活动为主要途径,教师通过引导语言学习者在课堂上完成任务来进行的教学。近年来,随着不断深化的教学改革与创新,该教学法凭借其先进的教学理念与强大的理论基础,在小学教育中,尤其是中国的发达地区被广泛采用,也被国家标准英语课程所采用,逐渐成为了我国主流的教学模式。在我国高中的基础英语教学课上,这种教学理论不断被引入,成为了我国高中英语课程改革的一个新走向。

一、任务型教学法的定义

任务型教学法是由教学目标(goals),信息输入(input),师生角色(teach/student role),活动方式(activity)和教学环境(setting)等基本要素构成。基于学生的基本心理需要,在教学目标的设计上,强调教学的情感融入,以此使学生能在认知、情感、心理目标上得以平衡发展。该教学方式注重信息沟通,活动(activity)具有真实性,把学生的注意力主要集中于如何应用语言这一交流工具来完成任务,而不是仅仅在意参与者自己所说句子的正确性。真正体现“以学生为主体,以活动为方式,以任务为中心”。

二、任务型教学法的基本原则

该教学法以具体的任务为载体,并非是随意设计任务的,要遵循以下原则。

1.真实性原则(Authentic principle)。任务的设计要考虑到学生的兴趣以及生活和学习的环境。任务设计者应尽量提供真实或半真实的环境,来提高学生语言应用的能力,使得制定的任务得以有效地实施。

2.功能性原则(Structural/functional principle)。在真实性基础上,任务设计者应让学生明确语言形式和功能的关系,使学习者更加彻底地理解语言的得体性。

3.连续性和连贯性(Principle of continuance and coherence)。任务的设计就好比梯子,从简答的部分逐渐深入到复杂的部分。一堂课的一系列任务应是相互关联的,前后关联,层层深入。

4.实用性原则(Principle of applicability)。教学活动的设计,不但要关注语言形式,还要注重目标。任务设计者应尽可能地创造好的条件,利用有限的时间和空间,最大限度地为学生提供互动和交流的机会,以此达到预期的教学目的。

5.乐于实施原则。任务的设计应兼顾趣味性和多样性,提高学生主动学习的兴趣,而非被动地应付。多人参加、多向地互动,激发学生的学习动机。

三、任务型教学法的教学步骤

1.读前设计(pre-task phase)。读前活动是课文教学必要的准备阶段,直接关系到整个教学的效果。教师课前给出话题,并介绍与话题相关的单词、短语或句子,这样有助于在真实的环境下进行指定的任务。在此过程中,老师可以引导学生如何理解该话题,如何围绕话题做好准备工作。

2.读中设计(Task-cycle Phase)。在教学中,教师可依据文章内容,设计多个微型任务,要求学生以个人或小组的形式完成。教师起监督、引导的作用。

3.读后设计(The Post-task Phase)。该阶段需要进行信息的输出(output)。文章学习完后,学生应根据对文章主题、结构、写作方式等方面进行信息反馈(feedback)。具体形式可采取复述(retell),总结(summary),此外,教师可引导学生发表观点,赞成与反对,提出建议或发挥想象补充故事结局。

四、在高中英语教学中实施任务教学法的必要性

1.我国《全日制义务教育普通高级中学新课程标准》倡导应用任务型教学模式,提高学生语言综合能力。该教学方式对促进学生的认知能力、组织处理信息能力、交际能力等方面都发挥着积极的作用。

2.另一方面需要指出的,任务型教学法符合新的先进的教学理念,打破了传统以教师讲解为主且单一的教学方法,更强调师生互动,学生参与为主的学习氛围。

3.实施任务型教学法的根本原因在于学生基础知识和自主能力的不断缺失。根据一项对吉林农业大学2010级学生学习状况的抽样调查,将近70%的学生学习能力不强,需要在教师的督导下学习,以“逼迫”方式进行知识摄入。学生被动学习的状况,导致学习成绩始终提不高的重要原因。

鉴于整个教学改革的大背景和教育技术的不断推进,这种适应英语教学规律和教学理论的任务教学模式正好适应了这种发展趋势,具有推广的现实必要性。

五、任务型教学法在高中英语教学中的具体实施

1.对象。笔者将自己亲自授课的班级——重庆市江津中学高一(3)班学生为实验对象,该班45名学生,其中女生30人,男生15人。

2.授课材料。授课材料选自人教版高中英语教课书第一册第一单元。

3.教学步骤。教学的基本框架遵循pre-task phase,task-cycle phase,post-cycle phase以该书第一单元第一课为例。

Task one:warming-up

The pre-task phase

(1)greetings and.introduction

What’s up?/How are you doing?/I come from… /I have been working here for… /what’s your favorite?/We will be in the same new class for…/and I want to be your good friend

(2)Asking the students questions:

Do you have any old classmate or friend in our class?

Why do you like him or her?

What should be a good friend be like?

honest,brave,loyal,wise,handsome,smart,modest,polite,open -minded,introverted,outgoing,optimistic,generous,active,aggressive,amiable,careful,confident,cooperative,creative,disciplined,friendly,hard - working,humorous,etc.

The task-cycle phase

(1)Working in pairs:ask the students to describe themselves in three words

(2)Working in pairs:describe one of their best friends to their partner,using words and sentences freely.

The post-circle phase

(1)Focusing on the following new words:honest,modest,polite,open - minded,introverted,aggressive,amiable,careful,confident,cooperative,creative,disciplined,friendly,hard-working,etc.

(2)Focusing on the following sentence patterns:I think I am ……../I think he/she is… I like her/him because she/he is…The best friend should…

Task two Listening

The pre-task phase

(1)Providing some useful words,phrases and sentence patterns.

(2)Working in pairs and discussing first:if two persons are friends,does that mean they always have the same opinions?Of course not,sometimes they argue about something.

The task-cycle phase

(1)Listening to the two friends’argument.

(2)Writing down the contents

Situation 1_________

Situation 2_________

Situation 3_________

The post-circle phase

(1)The assessment about the listening parts.

(2)Doing the listening practice on page 85.

(3)Asking the students to think about what they should do to solve their problems if they have a quarrel/argument with their best friends.

Task three Speaking

The pre-task phrase

(1)Giving some useful information.

(2)Introducing the whole paragraph to the students:there are six persons in the following speaking parts…

The task-cycle phase

(1)Reading through the short passage and filling in the form in pairs.

NameJohnStevePeterAnnSarahJoe Age151415161415 Genderboyboyboygirlgirlboy Likesfootball,reading skiing reading,singing,singing,rock music,computers dancing,computers,rock music,Reading novelsfootball,singing computers,rock music,skiing Dislikessingingcomputers,rock music hiking,rock music,football football,classic music dancing hiking,classicalmusic reading Rockmusic,dancing,computers football,hiking ,

(2)Working in pairs to make dialogues and practicing them.

(3)Discussion:who could be good friends and give reasons.

The post-circle phrase

(1)The assessment

(2)Language points:

I don’t enjoy singing,I don’t like computers either.

- - -I don’t enjoy singing,nor do I like computers.

He doesn’t like the size.he doesn’t like its color either.

- - -He doesn’t like the size,nor does he like its color.

David isn’t here,and neither/nor is Sarah.

I can’t swim.Neither/nor can he.

Rock music is Ok,and so is skiing.

- - - Rock music is Ok,and skiing is Ok too.

He likes singing,and I like dancing too.

- -- He likes singing and so do I.

When we say the same thing also happens to somebody or something else,we can use such a pattern:So+be/have/do/does/can….+subject

I am a student.He is a student,too.- - - - So is he.

I study at the school.He studies at the school,too.- -- - So does he.

I came to school yesterday.He came here yesterday,too.----So did he.

Compare:

I asked him to call me again.And so he did.(In fact he did as I asked him to)

Be fond of….=love,like very much

He is fond of ice cream/his father/playing football

Be into….=be deeply interested in…

Her brother is deeply into computers.

(3)Using the following useful expressions:

I’m sure that A could be my friend./I’m not sure that…/I think that…/Perhaps…..

He(She)likes/enjoys/is fond of/is into…/loves…

He(She)doesn’t like…/dislikes…/hates…./ ….is boring(terrible)

(4)Doing the talking practice on page 85 with using the following expressions:

You promised to…I’m very sorry./Please forgive me./It won’t happen again./I forgot….

Task Four Assignments

The pre-task phase:

(1)Providing some useful words,phrases and sentence patterns.

(2)Brainstorming:Providing much useful information

The task-cycle phase:

(1)Asking the students to discuss and act out the situation with their partners.

What qualities should a good friend have?

Writing a short passage about your good friend after class.What qualities does he/she have?

What interesting story do you have about your friend?

将任务型教学法应用于高中英语教学中,改变了以教师为主体的教学模式,教师从知识传授者转变为交际活动的组织者,疑难问题的发问者,教学效果的检测者。学生也积极主动地参与到课堂学习中,主动地学习、交流、讨论,提高了他们学习的兴趣和自信心。任务型教学法的应用使得师生在教与学互动的过程中体会到了学习的乐趣,主动交流使得学习不再是种负担,不再只是为了应付考试。

[1]贾志高.有关任务型教学法的几个核心问题的探讨[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2005.20.

[2]龚亚夫.Task-based Lessons for Senior High Schools[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.36.

[3]Nunan,D.Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom[M].Cambridge University Press,1989.106.

[4]Nunan,D.Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom[M].Cambridge University Press,1989.106.

[5]Skehan P.A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.53.

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