谈英语阅读理解中的细节问题

任亚仍

近几年的高考阅读试题中，细节理解题比例呈上升趋势。且难度有所增大，表现在设题方式的创意性和灵活多变，回答更需综合搜集、处理信息，一定程度上还反映文字转换。表现形式：

主题 针对问题 对应信息（内容在阅读材料中呈现） 直接找出

主题 创意问题 支撑信息1

支撑信息2（内容分散在阅读材料各个段落）

支撑信息n 理解、综合、归纳

主题 创意问题 文字转换信息 理解、快速认定

一、题型特点

高考英语阅读理解用的都是内容完整，主旨分明的精品文章。其行文过程是用了大量的事实对主题进行解释、说明和论证的，形成了许多的支撑信息，这就是文章的细节，也是命题人大做文章的地方。常分为特定信息，即问题在原文中的对应点，不要求读者对客观事实做出解释和判断，难度较低；综合信息，不仅要求对已知事实直接获取，还要对若干信息进行大脑思维加工处理，是细节辨认中的高档题。

二、设问方式

1. Which of the following is true/false/ mentioned？

2. Which of the following is not the result of…？

3. All the following statements are （not） true except_____.

4. According to the passage， whats the right order of…？

5. Which of the following is （not） the result of…？

6. Whats the relationship of…？

7. What does the writer pay least attention to？

8. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage？

9. Which of the following diagrams/maps gives the right position of…？

10. Which of the following maps shows the right way to…？

三、技巧点拨

阅读的目的在于获取信息。阅读能力的高低决定了是否快速高效地吸收有效信息，并能用其解决实际问题。细节理解就属在复杂问题中很快获取有效信息。题型涉及面很广，从正误判断到事实认定，从简单的运算到事件排序，从已知信息到文字转换，从单一信息倒事实归纳。且设问方式由简单向复杂，由单一向综合化发展，表现为答案的获取需跨段落综合归纳信息。同时命题人常在问题设置上做文章设计考题。这是一种必然，阅读理解随着形势发展，作者必然考虑送分题的技巧设置。因此：细节决定成败，功夫用在平时。

应对此类题目，注意作者常以who， what， when， where， why， how等进行提问，其问题的表达常采用同义词转化，因此应弄清问题，寻找关键词，确定正确答案。也可从文体着手，寻找脉络。对于记叙文、说明文，多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索。

根据主题，找关键词，然后依据事情发生、发展、说明的过程找相关信息，针对问题，仔细理解，逐一分析，确定答案。议论文，可先确定论点，依据论证的方法，从论据材料中判断出相关的细节理解问题。应用文，在时间，具体地点，陈述的事件，特别是一些专有名词上下功夫。阅读过程可采取查读法，即带着问题在原文中找相关信息，作出标记，综合整理；略读法，大概了解原文，在中心和主旨基础上，分析问题要求的细节。

四、试题盘点（保留原题号）

例1. In 1967， Tasmania experienced a drought（干旱）. The State Government introduced one hour of daylight saving that summer as a way of saving power and water. Tasmanians liked the idea of daylight saving and the Tasmanian Government has declared daylight saving each summer since 1968. Persuaded by the Tasmanian Government， all states except two passed a law in 1971， for a test use of daylight saving. In 1972， New South Wales， South Australia and Victoria joined Tasmania for regular daylight saving， but Queensland did not do so until 1989.（全国I， E）

72. Daylight Saving Time was introduced in Tasmania _______________.

A. to stop the drought in 1967 B. to support government officials

C. to pass a special law in the state D. to save water and electricity

[简析]选D。细节理解。从本段落中前两句可知“政府引入夏令时的目的是节约水电”。直接信息，由原文可直接获取。

73. According to the text， which state was the last to use DST？

A. Victoria. B. Queensland.

C. South Australia. D. New South Wales.

[简析]选B。细节理解。从段落中最后一句可知“Queensland直到1989才实行夏令时”。间接信息，通过理解原文，弄清句式not…until的含义，可知答案。

例2. Tuition Fees（学费）

Tuition fees are different from department to department， generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year. For further information： tui@waikato.ac.nz.

Accommodation（住宿）

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat， which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information： acc@waikato. ac.nz （安徽D ）

69. You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A. $5，250 B. $8，000 C. $9，000 D. $11，000

[简析]选B。细节归纳。在Waikato大学上学一年至少花费，根据广告材料可计算为：学费$5，000+住宿费$100×12月+生活费$150×12=$8，000。信息归纳，在理解原文基础上，通过简单的运算即可得知答案。

例3 Dogs wag（摇摆） their tails in different directions depending on whether they are excited and wanting to move forward or threatened and thinking of moving back， a study has found.

Researchers in Italy examined the tail wagging behavior of 30 dogs， catching their responses to a range of stimuli（刺激物） with video cameras. To conduct the study they chose 15 male dogs and 15 female ones aged between one and six years. The dogs were all family pets whose owners had allowed them to take part in the experiment at Bari University. The dogs were placed in a large wooden box with an opening at the front to allow for them to view various stimuli. They were tested one at a time.

The researchers led by Professor Giorgio Vallortigara of the University of Trieste found that when the dogs were shown their owners—a positive experience—their tails wagged energetically to the right side. When they were shown an unfamiliar human they wagged to the right， but with somewhat less enthusiasm. The appearances of a cat again caused a right-hand side wag， although with less intensity again. The appearance of a large unfamiliar dog， similar to a German shepherd， changed the direction of tail wagging to the left. Researchers supposed the dog was thinking of moving back. When the dogs were not shown any stimuli they tended to wag their tails to the left， suggesting they preferred company. While the changes in the tail wagging were not easily noticed without the aid of video， it was thought that the findings could help people judge the mood （心情） of dogs. Computer and video systems， for example， could be used by professional dog trainers to determine the mood of dogs that they were required to approach.（福建E）

71.The video cameras were used to catch the dogs responses because .

A. it was easier to catch the dogs response changes in the tail wagging

B. the dogs were put in the wooden boxes and tested one at a time.

C. they enabled the dogs owners to know about their dogs habit

D. the dogs wagged their tails in different directions when they were in different moods

73. When there are no stimuli， a dog will .

A.wag to the left B.wag to the right

C. not wag at all D.wag to the left and then to the right

[简析]71. 选A。细节理判断，根据第二段“catching their responses to a range of stimuli（刺激物） with video cameras.”，再根据常识“摄像机可更容易记录狗对刺激物的反应”是真正的原因，B选项与问题不符，C、D 选项不是问题的原因。73.选A。细节题，根据文章第三段“When the dogs were not shown any stimuli they tended to wag their tails to the left”可知选A。

（陕西省洋县）