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让课堂互动得以持续

2013-04-29孙丽仙

中学课程辅导·教学研究 2013年7期
关键词:互动策略课堂互动教师

孙丽仙

摘要:本文阐述了课堂互动的概念及理论依据;初中英语课堂交际不畅的原因以及让课堂互动得以持续的五个策略:降低要求、善于等待、穷追不舍、欲擒故纵和渗透其中。

关键词:课堂互动;互动策略;教师;学生

一、初中英语课堂交际的问题诊断

目前初中英语教学虽然“以学生为中心”。但是我们的英语课堂教学缺乏真正意义上的交际,究其根源主要有教师缺乏互动策略,缺乏交际手段。课堂互动不畅,究其原因有其三:

1.对外语学习本质缺乏认识

语言交际是外语学习的终极目标,也是外语学习的重要手段。“语言交际”既是目的,又是手段,这正是对外语学习本质的基本认识。因为我们教师总想多讲一些;总想急于求成;总想简单完事。结果,没能在互相谈话中学习新知识;没能在互相谈话中渗透语言规则;更谈不上在互相谈话中享受语言乐趣。

2.对外语课堂交际性的无知

教师的无知扼杀了学生创造力。无知是指教师的下意识和不经意。教师在下意识中泯灭了学生的学习兴趣;在不经意处忽视了学生的创造力。或是要求严格,不许学生雷池一步;或是急急匆匆,不许学生“不务正业”;或是忙于进度,不许学生“吊儿郎当”。如此种种,都会扼杀兴趣,沉闷课堂,中断交际,使课堂互动难以持续。

3.对互动策略缺少手段

由于缺少互动策略,我们的教师不知如何因势利导,对一些互动中的闪光点,视而不见;对一些发散思维,搁置一边。这种现象在课堂上,屡见不鲜。所以,作为语言教师,我们不学会课堂互相策略,便无法驾驭学生,无法掌控课堂,无法获取学生的喜欢和爱戴;当然也无法获取优异成绩。

二、课堂互动的概念及理论依据

互动,源于英语单词:interaction. Longman Dictionary的解释是:If people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together. 课堂互动是指师生双方或学生之间在教学过程中相互交流思想和情感,传递信息并相互影响的过程。简而言之在课堂上教师与学生在互相谈话中习得英语,在互相配合中学习英语。

建构主义学习理论认为:学习是一个积极主动的意义建构过程,而非被动地接受外在信息。学习者以自己原有的经验系统为基础有选择的感知外在信息,建构自己的理解,原有经验不是从记忆中被直接提取和利用,而是与新经验之间产生冲突和相互作用,因而发生改变和重组。学习既是学习者个人的建构活动, 同时也是学习共同体的合作建构过程;个体的意义建构活动是在人际互动和一定的社会文化环境中进行的。建构主义的学习观是:1.学习是意义的形成,这种意义具有个人性;2.学习是以学习者的自身原有经验为基础的;3.学习是发生于具体的情境之中;4.学习需要中介(mediation),语言和制品的使用起到重要的中介作用;5.学习具有社会性,学习者通过人际互动与协商来建构知识。

三、课堂交际中的互动策略

以七下 Unit5 Im watching TV period 3 为例,来说明课堂交际中的互动策略。

策略一:降低要求

学生能否流畅表述,全看平台高低。“降低要求”,学生容易踏上台阶;放低平台,教师也方便驾驭。因为熟悉的句型自然容易上口。因此,每每课堂伊始,教师总要给出5-8分钟,让学生在低平台上热热身、亮亮相;调动他们情绪,集中他们注意力,拉近师生距离,渐进课堂角色。

案例呈现:

T: Good morning, class.

Ss: …

T: How are you, boys and girls?

Ss: …

T: .... Well, who is on duty today?

S1: I am. Today is March16th. And it is Friday. We are very happy today because we can go

home this afternoon.

T: And you can see your parents, too.

(出示图片)

T: Look at this picture, what can you see in the picture?

Ss: I can see many people in the picture.

T: What are they doing?

Ss: …waiting for a bus at the bus stop.

T: I think so.

T: Which bus are they waiting for?

Ss: …the number 77 bus.

Ss: Maybe they are waiting for a taxi.

T: Yes. Maybe they are not waiting for a bus, but for a taxi. You are so creative.

俗话说,“良好的开端是成功的一半”。所以,课堂开始,教师要做到:低平台、慢节奏;步步为营、不慌不忙、从容应对。一般说,初中英语课总是从上堂课的旧内容引出,从零开始。但是,必须得以新脸孔(新图片或新物件)出现;在陌生情景中开始互动。好比在昨天的面包上涂了一层奶油。

策略二:善于等待

教师要“善于等待”,敢于让路。由于让路,使小图片变成大空间。由于等待,使学生想象力丰富呈现。

案例呈现:

T: Well, lets look at the second picture. What are they doing?

S: People are shopping at the mall.

S: …going to the movies at the mall.

S3: … playing computer games at the mall.

T: Yes, indeed.

S4: …eating dinner in the restaurant at the mall.

T: Really? Good answer!

S5: Women are buying new clothes at the clothes store.(学生在闲聊)

T: Ah, just like me. I like buying new clothes at the mall. Anything else?(教师也在闲聊)

S6: Many women are trying on new clothes in the clothes store.

S7: …many people are having fun at the mall.

S8: …many women are dancing at the mall.

T:(疑惑)Women are dancing at the mall? Where…?

S8: They are dancing in the square in the evening.

T: Oh yes. I see. There are always many women dancing there.(教师故作被学生征服状!)So the mall is a good place for people to do many things because there is a movie theater, some restaurants, many clothes stores and more. Right?

图片上的画异常简单,并没有如此多彩的内容。然而,学生的想象力和创造力鲜活了图画的生命,其关键在于教师敢于将时间和空间让位给学生;关键在于教师善于等待。教师千万不要冲在前面,千万不要包办代替,千万不要脱口而出。回答必须要从学生嘴里引导出来(elicit)。

策略三:穷追不舍

“穷追不舍”就是连续追问。每当学生有反常的回答,教师要看个究竟,不忙否定。为了看个明白,穷追不舍为上策!而要达到这种境界,教师需要极强的应变能力,否则对学生的反常回答会措手不及。

案例呈现:

S: Many people are swimming /learning to swimming /at the

swimming pool.

S: Many parents are helping their children at the pool in the picture.

S: Many kids are playing with water/ playing with balls/toys.

at the swimming pool.

T: Anything else?

S: … showing their swimming skills.

T: Creative!

S: Some kids are drinking water.

T: (好奇地追问)Why do they drink water there? The water at the swimming pool is so dirty.

S: Because their swimming skills are not good. (妙!)

T: Oh, I see. You mean they are not good at swimming. And they have to drink some dirty water.

由于教师的灵活应变,成功追问,使课堂充满了灵动性,达到了超于预设的效果。

策略四:欲擒故纵

“欲擒故纵”是一成语。意思是:为了更好地控制局面,故意放对方一步。这里借此说明一个道理:有时为使课堂互动得以持续,教师必须故意放学生一步,使课堂互动得以持续。学会这个法宝就学会了课堂互动的持续;就学会了对互动局面的控制;就学会了应付突如期来的尴尬和无奈。

案例呈现:

S1: Many students are sleeping at the library.

T: (好奇地)Sleeping at the library? Why are they sleeping at the library?(妙哉!与其否定,不如追问)

S2: Because they have lots of homework to do, and they are tired.

T: You mean they are sleeping because they are tired?(注意:此时教师并没有中断交际!)

S3: Because it is quiet at the library.

T: You mean because it is quiet at the library, so they can sleep.(教师在使“欲擒故纵”计,放学生一步)Any more ideas?

S4:In the picture, many people are writing letters to their pen pals at the library.

T: That is possible. Some are writing letters to their pen pals.(所以,互动得以持续)

S5: In the picture, many people are listening to music at the library.(反常回答)

T: I dont think it is good to listen to music while students are reading. Yes?(但互动没有中断!)

S5: Maybe they want to relax themselves.

T: I think so.(教师先于肯定)Sometimes, when I am tired, I like to listen to music to relax myself.(又用“欲擒故纵”策略)

But can we listen to music at the library, class?(向学生求援)

Ss: No, we cannot.(得到学生附和,教师力量壮大)

T: No, we can never listen to music even if we want to relax ourselves. Right?

Ss: Yes.(已将局面控制住;但丝毫没有挫伤学生互动积极性)

其实,学生时时处处无不在揣摩教师心理。过于严厉,势必扼杀了学生创造力;过于宽松,势必课堂互动失控。只有宽严适度,长期磨合,课堂气氛才能适度宽松、适度焦虑。欲擒故纵能帮你扭转动局面。

策略五:渗透其中

“渗透其中”的含义是,在旧知识中嵌入新语言点。做到不动声色;做到新旧知识不露痕迹。优秀教师往往先从上堂课的旧知识开始搭起脚手架:旧中有新,新中有旧,新旧结合,循环往复,逐渐上升。在师生互动中,闲聊昨日往事,闲聊今日正事,闲聊明日乐事。来来去去,课堂思维层层升高。

案例呈现:

T: Well, different people are doing different things in different places because different people like doing different activities.

Listen and answer: How many activities are mentioned in these conversations? And what are they? (Listen)

T: How many activities…?(教师又开始搭建脚手架)

Ss: Five. They are shopping, eating lunch, doing homework, playing basketball and reading.

T: Wonderful! In Conversation1, what are they doing?

S1: They are talking on the phone.

T: Yes. Who is wanted on the phone?

S2: Maybe Tinas mother …

T: You mean Tinas mother is answering the phone.(教师没有完全否定答案!)

But who is the girl calling? Does she want to talk to Tinas mother?

S3: No. I dont think she wants to talk to her. Tina is wanted.

T: Good! Tinas mother is not wanted on the phone. But Tina is wanted to answer the phone.

T: Do you think Tina is at home?

S4: No, she is at the mall.

T: What is she doing there?

S5: She is eating lunch with her friend.

T: Who is wanted on the phone in the second conversation?

S6: Mike …

T: Is Mike answering the phone?

S7: No, he is still at school.

T: What is he doing at school?

S8: He is playing basketball at school.

T: Now, who is wanted in the third conversation?

S9: Lisa is wanted on the phone. (来来回回,几个回合,搭好了脚手架)

T: Where is Lisa?

S10: She is reading at the library.

在“明知故问”中,复习已学知识,在“废话连篇”中滚雪球。几个回合,脚手架已经搭成。教学任务顺利完成;学生高兴,教师欣慰,何乐而不为?

五、结束语

课堂互动是架设在师生间的一座桥梁,是教师完成教学任务必不可少的关键。没有学生参与的课堂,不能谓教学;没有对话的课堂,不能谓有效;没有互动的课堂教学,不能谓成功。我们要善于创造条件,把握关键,使课堂至始至终在互动,这样才能既享受课堂教学过程的乐趣,又能享受顺利完成教学任务即成功的乐趣,让课堂真正成为学生的乐园。

参考文献:

[1]扬良雄,黄远振.中学英语课堂教学活动有效性研究[J].中小学英语教学与研究,2007

[2]许建伟.浅谈英语课堂教学中师生有效互动[J].2011

[3]教育部.英语课程标准(实验稿)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2001.

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