APP下载

浅谈书面英语中的措词多样性技巧

2013-04-29罗国强

群文天地 2013年8期
关键词:重复近义词

摘要:在书面英语写作中,措词不仅要意义准确,语法正确,而且要尽量做到措词多样化,即用不同的表达方式表达重复的意思,以取得更好的效果。文章以报刊杂志英文为取证对象,总结写作中措词多样化技巧。研究发现,有六种常用的指代技巧避免措词重复:代词替代、近义词替代、同根词替代、上下义词替代、词组单词交替和语境中的近义替换。

关键词:近义词;同根词;重复

一、前言

在英语写作中,我们不仅要做到意义准确,语法正确,而且要措词多样化,即用不同的表达方式表达重复的意思,以取得更好的效果。一般说来,除非有意强调或出于修辞的需要,英语总的趋势是尽量避免重复。讲英语的人往往对随意重复相同的词语感到厌烦,因为它使语言显得枯燥单调。本文总结书面英语中措词多元化技巧,所选例子均来自中国研究生入学考试阅读文章。(考研阅读来源为英美国家著名报刊杂志,如《新闻周刊》、《华盛顿邮报》等)

二、词汇多样化技巧

(一) 代词避免重复:在英语中代词指代前面的内容,是最简单,也是最常用的一种避免重复的手段.

1. We have a crisis on our hands. You mean global warming? The world economy? No, the decline of reading. People are just not doing it anymore, especially the young.

2. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.

在例一中,it指代前面的reading,例二中,them指代上文的individuals,都做到了避免重复。如果这两个地方重复使用相同的单词,则显得不自然,效果欠佳。

(二)同根词转换:英语中一个单词往往可以通过词缀变化转变为不同的词性,如形容词、名词、副词、动词等。不同词性的单词尽管词根相同,但也经常用来避免重复。

1.They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.

2.Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet...

...Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi).

3.Now,consider three indices of assimilation-language,home ownership and intermarriage...…yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power.”

在例一中,形容詞extinct和名词extinction替换使用;例二中,名词advantage和动词过去分词advantaged(在这里 advantage也可理解为动词) 替换使用;例三中,名词 assimilation 和形容词assimilative替换使用。从这些例子可以看出,作者在有意识的使用不同词性的单词以避免重复,取得更好的表达效果。

(三)近义替换:由于英语词源的多元化,即在历史上不同时期从其它语言引进大量词汇,英语中存在大量的近义词。这些近义词尽管意义、用法或多或少存在一些区别,但在一定语境中,都能相互替换,并且不会产生意义上的混淆。

1. In spite of “endless talk of difference”,American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people.

Now,consider three indices of assimilation-language,home ownership and intermarriage.

2.There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span - that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration.

In such a fast-changing world, in which reality seems to be remade each day, we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us.

在例一中, homogenize和assimilation都是“使什么相同的意思”(在本片文章中具体理解为“同化”的意思),属于近义词;例二中,concentration,focus都理解为“关注”, “集中精力于”,也是同义词。它们的交替使用都避免了词汇重复。

(四) 语境中的近义替换:不同于2和3中的近义词,此处的近义词指意义上有一些关联,但必须借助于上下语境才能推出它和前面表达方式指代内容相同。

例如:There's been a warning about the imminent death of literate civilization for a long time. In the 20th century, first it was the movies, then radio, then television that seemed to spell doom for the written world.

此句中,written world就指前面的literate civilization,意为“书面文明”。但必须指出,这种替换不能脱离上下文,否则会导致理解不准确。

(五)单词词组交替使用:在英语中,一般来说,一个动词都有一个对应的词组表达相同的意思.如look for/seek; investigate/look into; respect/look up to. 因此,在写作中,我们也可以运用这一词義对应现象避免重复:

1.Several members of he bureau were assigned to look into the case…they investigated the time of the occurrence, the scene and the evidence provided by those witnesses.

2.Four parts constitute the engine…A automobile mainly consists of the following components...

在以上两例中,investigate, look into;constitute, consist of 单词词组交替使用,避免了措词重复。

(六) 上义词和下义词交替使用:上义词和下义词是包含与被包含的关系,如animal下面包含elephant, panda, monkey等; flower下面包含chrysanthemum,rose, tulip 等。Animal,flower等概括意思的词叫做上义词,被包含的词叫做下义词。上义词和下义词的交替使用也能帮助我们避免措词重复。

例如:WTO was established after the World War II. The organization aims to set fair regulations, promote free trade and achieve global economic prosperity.

此例中,organization 是WTO的上义词,它的使用避免了原词重复。

三、结论

在书面英语中,尤其是较为正式的写作中,我们要尽量做到措词多元化,用不同的表达方式表达相同的意思,避免表达的单调。为了避免重复,我们可以灵活使用六种技巧,即代词替代、近义词替代、同根词替代、上下义词替代、词组单词交替和语境中的近义替换,以取得较好的表达效果。

参考文献:

[1]丁往道.英语写作手册[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009.

[2]胡韩慧.英语写作[M].武汉:武汉理工大学出版社,2009.

[3]许钧.当代英国翻译理论[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2002.

[4]曾鸣.考研英语历年真题解析及复习思路[M].上海:世界图书出版公司,2012.

[5]章振棒.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2009.

(作者简介:罗国强 (1983- ),男,汉族,江西南昌人,硕士研究生,安徽新华学院外国语学院教师,研究方向:翻译理论与实践。)

猜你喜欢

重复近义词
怎样辨析近义词
近义词 好朋友
找找近义词
重复衍生间的变与不变
重复与对比:《活着》的叙事策略
创伤书写之“重复”
如何走进高三孩子的复习阶段
屡教不改
探索规律中感悟和认识“重复”的奥妙