女性先驱者的光辉

在三八妇女节到来之际，让我们一起看看对人类作出杰出贡献的女性先锋者吧！她们勇于打破常规，证明女性也可以从事男性的工作，并激励更多女性追求自己的理想。（注：CE：Teens曾在2011年12月号和2012年11月的“人物”栏目分别介绍过珍·古道尔和居里夫人。）

Jane Goodall （Britain， 1934-）珍·古道尔（英国，1934—）

Occupation[职业]： Primatologist[灵长类动物学家] and Anthropologist[人类学家]

After reading the childrens book， The Story of Doctor Dolittle， a story about a doctor who travels to Africa and learns to talk to animals， seven-year-old Jane Goodall decided that she must go to Africa someday. She began reading every book about animals and Africa she could find.

Years later， a friend told her about a man named Louis Leakey注1， who was busy searching for evidence of early man in Kenya. Jane arranged an interview with Leakey. Impressed by her knowledge of animals， he hired Goodall.

Goodall has spent over 40 years studying the chimpanzees[黑猩猩]. Her goals have always been to understand and preserve chimpanzees. Her work has been important in emphasizing[强调] the need for conservation[保护] to millions of people.

注1：路易斯·利基（1903- 1972），英国考古学家和人类学家，其研究对人类演化理论有重大影响。

七岁的珍·古道尔在读过儿童故事书《杜立德医生》（该书讲述了一位医生去非洲学习和动物对话的故事）之后便决定有朝一日一定要到非洲去。她开始阅读她能找到的每一本关于动物和非洲的书。

多年以后，一个朋友告诉她，一个名叫路易斯·利基的人正在肯尼亚寻找早期人类的证据。于是，珍与利基约定了一次面谈。她对动物的知识给利基留下了深刻的印象，因此她被利基聘用了。

古道尔对黑猩猩的研究长达四十多年。一直以来，她都以了解和保护黑猩猩作为目标。在向千千万万人强调保护黑猩猩的必要性方面，她的工作起到了重要作用。

Valentina Tereshkova （Soviet Union，1937-）瓦莲京娜·捷列什科娃（前苏联，1937—）Occupation： Cosmonaut[宇航员]

Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in space. Tereshkova got her start when she joined the Yaroslavl Air Sports Club and became a skilled parachutist[跳伞人]. Inspired by the flight of Yuri Gagarin， the first man in space， she volunteered for the Soviet space program. Although she had no experience as a pilot， her 38-meter jump record gained her a position as a cosmonaut in 1961. In 1963， she orbited[绕轨道而行] the Earth for almost three days， proving that women had the same resistance[抵抗力] in space as men. After her historic orbit， she toured the world promoting[促进] Soviet science and feminism[女权主义] and continued as an aerospace[航空宇宙] engineer in the space program. She has both an asteroid[小行星] and a crater[火山口] on the moon named in her honor.

瓦莲京娜·捷列什科娃是第一个进入太空的女性。早年她加入了雅罗斯拉夫尔航空运动俱乐部，成为一名熟练的跳伞者，由此开始了她的宇航员生涯。“太空第一人”尤里·加加林的飞行令她备受鼓舞，于是她自愿参加了前苏联的太空计划。虽然没有飞行员经验，但她的38米跳伞记录仍在1961年为她赢得了宇航员的席位。1963年，她环绕地球飞行了近三天，证明了女性在太空和男性有同等的耐受性。在完成历史性的绕地球飞行之后，她到世界各地宣传前苏联科学和女权主义，并以航天工程师的身份继续参与太空计划。为了纪念她，人们以她的名字分别为一颗小行星和月球上的一个火山口命名。

Sally Ride （USA， 1951-2012）萨利·莱德（美国，2051—2012）

Occupation： ]Astronaut[太空人] andPhysicist[物理学家]

Sally Ride is best known as the first American woman sent into outer space. At 31， she was also the youngest person sent into orbit. After NASA， Ride has been vocal[畅所欲言的] about encouraging women to enter math and science. She considers this her “personal crusade[圣战，改革运动].”

萨利·莱德最著名的身份是，她是第一名进入外太空的美国女性。当时31岁的她也是进入太空年龄最小的人。结束在美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的宇航员生涯之后，她积极地鼓励女性进入数学和科学领域。她认为这是她“个人的圣战”。

Marie Curie （Poland & France， 1867-1934）

居里夫人（波兰裔、法国籍，1867—1934）

Occupation： Physicist[物理学家]

Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She was also the first scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice. With her husband Pierre Curie， Marie Curie developed and introduced the concept[概念] of radioactivity[放射现象] to the world. Her scientific efforts also included the application[应用] of x-rays and radioactivity to medical treatments. During World War I， Curie brought her technology to the war front. Radiological equipment was installed[安装] in ambulances， which meant that wounded soldiers would not have to be transported far to be x-rayed.

居里夫人是第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女性，也是第一位两次获得诺贝尔奖的科学家。玛丽·居里和丈夫皮埃尔·居里提出并引入了放射性的概念。她在科学上的成就还包括将X光和放射性现象应用于医学治疗。在第一次世界大战期间，居里夫人把她的技术带到了战争前线。放射设备被安装到救护车里，这意味着受伤的士兵无需经过远距离运送便可接受X光检查。

Stephanie Louise Kwolek （USA， 1923-）

斯蒂芬妮·路易斯·克沃勒克（美国，1923—）

Occupation： Chemist[化学家]

Kwoleks work resulted in Kevlar注2， the ultra-strong material best known for its use in bulletproof[防弹的] vests[背心]. After graduating with a degree in chemistry in 1946， she became a researcher for DuPont and remained there for her entire professional career. Over the course of her 40-year career， she obtained[获得] 16 patents[专利权] for a variety of groundbreaking[开创性的] materials.

Kwolek is retired but continues to give motivational[激发性的] talks. She regularly receives letters from students interested in her work and tries to personally answer all of them.

克沃勒克的工作为我们带来了超级坚固的材料——凯芙拉，其最著名的应用便是防弹背心。克沃勒克于1946年毕业，取得了化学学士学位，之后进入杜邦公司担任研究员，并在那里度过了整个职业生涯。在40年的职业生涯中，她凭借一系列开创性的新型材料，共获得了16项专利。

虽然克沃勒克现已退休，但她仍在进行励志演讲。她经常收到对其工作感兴趣的学生的来信，并试着亲自回复所有来信。

Florence Nightingale （Britain， 1820-1910）

弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔（英国，1820—1910）

Occupation： Nurse and Public Health Advocate[提倡者]

Florence Nightingale is generally regarded as having founded the modern profession of nursing. She was born to very wealthy parents who forbade[不许] her from becoming a nurse after she shared her desire with them. Within a few years， she ignored[不理睬] their protests[抗议] and enrolled[成为成员] in the Institution[协会] of Deaconesses[女执事] in Germany.

Nightingale led a group of nurses to Crimea， an area where thousands of wounded British soldiers were dying due to poor medical conditions in makeshift[临时代用的] hospitals. Nightingale worked tirelessly caring for the soldiers. At night she carried a lamp through the corridors[走廊]， stopping to help the suffering. For this， she was nicknamed “the lady of the lamp.”

Shortly after her arrival， she became severely ill. She returned to England in 1856， and remained bedridden[卧床不起的] for the rest of her life. Despite her illness， Nightingale continued to write about medical practices for the military[军方]， prompting[促使] the establishment[确立] of the Royal Commission[委员会] on the Health of the Army.

弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔被公认为现代护理专业的奠基人。她出生于一个非常富有的家庭。当她向父母透露想成为一名护士的愿望时，父母不允许她这样做。随后几年，她不顾父母的反对，加入了德国女执事协会。

南丁格尔带领一队护士来到克里米亚。在那里，数千名受伤的英国士兵由于临时医院恶劣的医疗条件而面临死亡。南丁格尔不知疲倦地工作，照顾伤员。晚上，她会提着一盏灯巡视走廊，不时停下来帮助那些受苦的人。她因而被称为“提灯女士”。

南丁格尔到达那里后不久就得了重病。她于1856年回到英国，余生卧床不起。虽然卧病在床，但她仍继续书写关于军队医疗的著述，促进了皇家军队健康委员会的成立。

注2：美国杜邦公司于1965年发明的一项芳香聚酰胺类合成纤维的商标名称。

Patricia Bath （USA， 1942-）

帕特里夏·巴斯（美国，1942—）

Occupation： Ophthalmologist[眼科专家]

Patricia Bath was the first African American woman to receive a patent for a medical invention. She developed a laser device[设备] to remove cataracts[白内障]. Bath began her scientific career in cancer research as a teenager and then pursued ophthalmology[眼科学] in medical school. She developed a new field called community ophthalmology that was dedicated to providing quality eye care to underserved[服务水平低下的] populations. In addition to her academic career， Bath also founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness and serves as the organizations president.

帕特里夏·巴斯是第一位获得医疗发明专利的非裔美国女性。她发明了一种消除白内障的激光设备。巴斯在青年时代已开始癌症方面的科研，其后进入医学院学习眼科医学。她开创了被称为“社区眼科医学”的新领域，致力为得不到服务的人群提供高品质的眼科护理。在学术生涯之外，巴斯还创立了美国防盲协会，并担任该协会的会长。