MiR-1在肿瘤中的研究进展
2012-12-25蒋森赵亚萍杜云翔
蒋森,赵亚萍,杜云翔
(1.蚌埠医学院,安徽 蚌埠 233000;2.解放军第八二医院肿瘤中心,江苏淮安 223001;3.解放军第八二医院检验科,江苏 淮安 223001)
微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一类高度保守的、具有调控功能的非编码小分子RNA[1]。目前发现的miRNA有15 000多种,其中人类有2 000多种[2]。据研究,miRNA参与调节人类大约30%蛋白质的翻译[3],几乎与细胞分化、代谢、生长、增殖和凋亡等所有分子过程的调节有关。越来越多的研究表明,miRNA多定位于肿瘤相关的脆性位点,与肿瘤的发生密切相关[4]。近年来,miRNA-1(miR-1)在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用受到关注,本文就此作一综述。
1 miR-1的基本特征
miR-1 家族包括 miR-1-1、miR-1-2 和 miR206[5]。Hsa-miR-1家族由2个miRNAs组成:hsa-miR-1-1和hsa-miR-1-2。miR-1-1位于人的第20号染色体上C20orf166基因初级转录本的第2个内含子区,miR-1-2位于人的18号染色体上蛋白质编码基因MIB1的第12个内含子区。miR-1的生物合成与其他miRNA一样,首先由细胞核内编码miRNA的基因转录产生初始miRNA(primary miRNA,pri-miRNA)[6],pri-miRNA 被RNaseⅢ内切酶进一步切割成前体miRNA(precursor miRNA,pre-miRNA)[7-9]。该前体在 Exprotin-5 的作用下转运到细胞质内[10]。在细胞质内,被RNA内切酶ⅢDicer酶剪切成成熟 miRNA[7,11]。在基因沉默复合物(RISC)的引导下,成熟的miRNA与特定靶基因mRNA的3'端非翻译区完全或不完全碱基互补配对引导RISC与目的mRNA结合,从而降解靶基因mRNA或阻遏其翻译[2],在转录后水平沉默基因的表达。通过在线数据库miRanda(http://www.microrna.org/)分析发现miR-1在心脏、甲状腺、子宫、前列腺、卵巢等组织中均有表达,参与细胞生长、分化、凋亡以及心脏、内耳发育等生理过程,与肿瘤、代谢类疾病、精神类疾病有关[12]。
2 miR-1在肿瘤中的表达
已有研究表明,miR-1在多种肿瘤细胞中表达异常,并参与了肿瘤的增殖、侵袭、迁移和凋亡(表1)。miR-1在绝大部分肿瘤中表达下调,发挥了抑癌基因的角色,然而,Liu等[13]分析胃癌患者和正常人血清标本miRNA表达谱,发现miR-1在胃癌患者血清中含量明显上调,具体机制尚不十分清楚。
表1 miR-1在肿瘤中的表达情况
3 miR-1的靶基因
分析与鉴定miR-1的靶基因对于研究miR-1的功能具有重要意义。然而,由于miR-1与靶mRNA3'端非翻译区并非完全匹配,导致鉴定其靶基因有一定的困难,但是,目前对其靶基因的研究也取得了一定的进展,首先通过Targetscan、miRbase、Pictar等在线软件进行靶标预测,进一步采用荧光素酶报告实验、蛋白质印迹实验、实时荧光定量PCR技术进行验证,发现miR-1作用靶标基因多参与细胞增殖、侵袭、凋亡等(表2),提示miR-1可能通过下调这些基因表达参与肿瘤的发生发展的机制。
表2 miR-1的靶基因
4 miR-1与肿瘤的形成与发展
4.1 miR-1与肿瘤增殖和凋亡
肿瘤的发生是一个复杂的过程,与细胞的异常增殖和凋亡密切相关[36-37]。miR-1可通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和促进细胞凋亡而抑制肿瘤的发生。Taulli等[38]证实了miR-1在人类横纹肌肉瘤中的作用。过表达miR-1可以促进横纹肌肉瘤细胞的肌源性分化,同时抑制细胞的增殖。Wu等[14]研究发现miR-1转染的鼻咽癌细胞呈现出典型的凋亡代谢过程,其机制可能与下调PTMA(靶基因胸腺素a)表达有关。另外,Nohata等[19-20]利用 qRT-PCR技术发现,与正常组织相比,miR-1在上颌窦鳞状细胞癌组织中表达明显减少,而TAGLN2和PNP mRNA表达明显上升。过表达miR-1可以抑制癌细胞增殖、诱导其凋亡,生物信息学分析提示TAGLN2和PNP是受miR-1调节的靶基因。进一步研究证明这两种靶基因沉默后都能抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,从而间接提示miR-1可以通过抑制TAGLN2和PNP表达产生抑制肿瘤增殖的作用。
4.2 miR-1与肿瘤侵袭和迁移
miR-1不仅参与了肿瘤的增殖和凋亡,而且也同时参与了肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移。miR-1表达失调在肿瘤侵袭迁移过程中起着关键作用。Leone等[16]研究提示miR-1在甲状腺癌中表达下调,并参与了甲状腺肿瘤细胞的迁移。有趣的是,miR-1表达下调也出现在甲状腺非肿瘤性病变例如甲状腺肿。利用生物信息学方法找到趋化因子CXCR4和基质细胞衍生因子SDF-1a为miR-1的靶基因。在乳突状和未分化甲状腺癌中,miR-1表达水平和CXCR4、SDF-1a蛋白表达水平呈负相关。miR-1可能通过调控CXCR4和SDF-1a基因表达对甲状腺癌细胞侵袭和迁移产生影响。Yip等[39]也发现与非侵袭性乳头状甲状腺癌相比,侵袭性甲状腺癌miR-1表达明显下调,提示miR-1与肿瘤侵袭性行为密切相关。另外,Kojima等[15]检测了miR-1在前列腺癌细胞中的功能和意义,发现与正常前列腺组织相比,前列腺癌组织中miR-1表达明显下调。miR-1可以抑制前列腺癌细胞PC3和DU145侵袭和迁移。进一步采用全基因组基因表达分析和荧光素酶报告试验提示,前列腺癌组织标本表达显著增高的基因PNP受miR-1直接调节,miR-1通过沉默PNP基因抑制了PC3和DU145迁移和侵袭。该发现为揭示前列腺癌肿瘤形成机制提供了新的思路。Nasser等[32]将稳定转染miR-1的肺癌细胞A549和H1299细胞接种裸鼠,发现A549和H1299细胞的成瘤性、肿瘤生长和转移性均受到了明显的抑制。另有研究表明miR-1与肾细胞癌、膀胱癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌等肿瘤的侵袭和迁移能力也密切相关[18,24-25]。
4.3 DNA甲基化对miR-1表达的调节
表观遗传学改变对miR-1的表达具有调控作用。miR-1编码启动子序列的CpG岛可以发生DNA的甲基化,从而调节miR-1的表达。而miR-1可通过调节甲基化的相关酶,改变肿瘤细胞的DNA甲基化状态,从而调控肿瘤的生长和转移。Datta等[34]利用DNA去甲基化试剂和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂处理肝癌细胞,使肝癌细胞发生表观遗传学改变,检测发现miR-1表达水平升高。肝癌细胞系和组织中甲基化是普遍存在的,DNA去甲基化试剂作用于肝癌细胞可以重新激活miR-1的表达,从而抑制下游靶蛋白MET和FOXP1的表达,抑制了肝癌细胞的生长、诱导细胞凋亡。Suzuki等[40]以结肠癌细胞为研究对象,同样发现miR-1的表达受DNA甲基化的调节。
5 展 望
miR-1在绝大部分肿瘤中表达下调,且与肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移和凋亡密切相关,提示这是一条在肿瘤诊断、病情监测以及预后判断中具有重要价值的miRNA。然而,目前有关miR-1的研究还处于初步阶段,对其作用靶基因需要进一步证实,许多靶基因尚有待进一步研究,有关其在肿瘤发生、发展机制中的研究多停留在体外实验,体内研究报道很少。由于组织特异性miR-1具有调节转录产物的能力,过表达miR-1可以抑制癌基因表达、阻止肿瘤生长,比起单个靶基因药物治疗肿瘤,作为一种无毒分化因子,miR-1可能具有更好的治疗潜能,在肿瘤诊治中发挥重要作用。
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