浅谈阅读理解中的猜词技巧与训练

马颖

摘要：高考阅读理解考题中有测试考生根据上下文和构词法知识猜出生词词义或旧词具新意的能力的一项内容。本文介绍正确的猜生词的方法。关键词：阅读理解；方法；技巧

中图分类号：G633.41?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2012）09-0136-02

近些年高考阅读理解考项中总有一些考题要测试考生根据上下文和构词法知识猜出生词词义或旧词具新意的能力。当生词出现在我们基本能读懂的文章中，我们应该有能力根据已知内容推求生词的词义。通过上下文交代的内容做出合乎逻辑的推理，在必要时，做些语法分析，通过词与词的关系，确定其词性；有时根据常识和生活经验或者构词法知识，完全可以对那些从未见过的生词的词义做出正确的推测。正确猜出生词的词义经常使用以下六种方法。下面对它们分别做介绍并辅以一些强化训练题。

1.方法技巧阐述

1.1根据定义或解释说明猜测词义。在be或becalled等判断词出现的判断句中，生词是被解释说明的表语，或是用来下定义的主语，借助判断句猜测词义是一种最常见的方法。同时，定语从句或同位语从句对其先行词起修饰或解释说明的作用，有助于猜出该先行词的词义。此外，标点符号中的破折号“——”也可引出起解释说明作用的同位语或具有同义的短语或从句。

1）We like our new house because it has a few clms in the back yard that will give us shade and keep the house cooler.

2）Travelers in deserts or thick forests always bring with them compasses，a kind of very helpful instruments that help them to know the directions and which always consist of a freely-moving MAGNETIC needle that always moves to point to the north.

3）Some armed policemen have to wear bullet-proof Vests，a piece of clothing that can protect their chests（胸部）and that are used to stop bullets or a vest which cannot be passed through by bullets.

1.2根据对比关系猜测词义。在but，however，yet，otherwise或though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜出生词的词义。

1）He had been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated.

2）When there's a strong wind，there are great waves rolling on the lake;but if there's no wind，the surface of the lake is very placid.

3）Though he is always regarded as an honest man，he usually makes use of subterfuge to get our trust.

1.3根据因果关系猜测词义。Because，since与as是连结原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连结表示结果的并列句的连词，so...that与such...that中的that是连结结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分，就能猜出生词的词义。

1）All his attempts to unlock the door was futile，because he was using the wrong key.

2）She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading .

3）The tree will have to be cut down because it obstructs the view of oncoming traffic（车辆）.

1.4根据句意和生活常识猜测词义。运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，正确猜出生词词意，是一种行之有效的猜测词意的方法。

1）There are some erroneous answers on the students'test paper，but there are not enough wrong answers to fail him.

2）Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earth's shadow falls on the moon；no light from the sun can reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the sun's light. We call this an eclipse of the moon.

3）Scientists group most living things into main groups called“kingdoms”. There are the plant kingdom and animal kingdom. The study of plants is referred to as botany while the study of animals is spoken about as zoology.

1.5据同等关系猜测词义。所谓同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词意都属于同一义域。在这样的词组和短语中，通常有并列连词and或者or等作同等关系的标志词。据此，只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，在句中的作用和大概的义域。

1）Not every car，bus，jeep or other kinds of vehicle can be made in the factory.

2）Sheep are not carnivorous，but wolves，foxes，tigers，lions，leopards or hyenas are all flesh-eating animals.

3）On the farm they mainly raise poultry，such as chickens，ducks and geese，both for their eggs and their meat.

1.6根据构词法猜测词义。借助中学阶段学过的英语构词法知识，如，词根、前缀或后缀的意义，对于有效地猜出生词词意是很有帮助的。

1）Oh，how bumpy（bump）the road is!It has to be repaired and made smooth.

2）There are quite a few mistakes in your plan of the new building，so you must have it redesigned（design）as soon as possible.

3）The story in the newspaper isn't completely true；some of the facts have been misreported（report）.

II.强化练习

1）It's just one more unbelievable result of the development of microprocessors——those tiny parts of a computer commonly known as “silicon chips”.

A. microprocessors

B. the result of the development

C. the computer itself?摇

D. parts of microprocessors

2）Nowadays，at the university of Nebraska，for example，it is the stated policy of the college of Arts and Science that if a student cheats on an exam，the student must receive an “F” on what he cheated on.That is nothing. If you're going to flunk anyway，why not cheat？

A. fearB. failC. be pleasedD. succeed

3）If the banana was in front of them and the stick behind them，big apes（猩猩）could not bear the banana in mind long enough to look around and pick up the stick and then use it.

A.rememberB.removeC.forgetD.stand

参考答案：1）D?摇2）B3）A