骨钙素及其功能研究
2012-03-31张艳军
贾 媛,周 鹏,张艳军
(天津中医药大学中药学院,天津 300193)
最新研究[1]发现,骨不但维持着骨组织动态平衡,同时是一个重要的内分泌器官,在其自身代谢过程中,分泌多种活性因子,影响全身物质和能量代谢。骨钙素(osteocalcin,OC)作为骨分泌一种激素样物质,对调节能量代谢有重要作用[2]。本文就近年来骨钙素调节能量代谢方面的研究进行综述。
1 骨钙素的生成与调节
骨钙素是由分化期成骨细胞特异性分泌的一种非胶原蛋白,是成骨细胞分化、成熟的标志,也是骨形成或骨转换的重要标志[3]。骨钙素合成后,大部分在维生素K的催化调节下,生成羧化骨钙素,少量骨钙素未则羧基化或羧化不全,直接分泌入血参与能量代谢,发挥激素样作用[4]。维生素K通过调节骨钙素的羧基化,影响羧基化骨钙素和羧化不全骨钙素的比例,进而影响骨的矿化能力和能量代谢调节能力[5]。
2 骨钙素影响糖脂代谢
2.1 实验研究 对实验性糖尿病动物研究[6]发现,血中胰岛素水平降低,骨钙素水平也降低,经治疗后,骨钙素水平又有所提高,推论骨钙素和胰岛素水平具有一定的相关性。研究[7-8]表明,Esp-/-小鼠表现出低糖血症、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素敏感性增高,而骨钙素基因敲除Ocn-/-小鼠的表现型则恰恰相反,表现出胰岛素抵抗和高糖血症。Esp-/-小鼠能量代谢的异常表现型是由循环中骨钙素活性增强所致。在Esp-/-小鼠中,未羧化骨钙素的比例增高[9]。用华法林作用于野生型小鼠的成骨细胞后,其骨钙素与羟基磷灰石的结合率明显下降,相反其诱导胰岛素和脂联素的表达有所提高[10]。以上实验结论说明,未羧化的骨钙素能够诱导胰岛素和脂联素的表达,对能量代谢的调节有重要影响。体外研究[11-12]发现,骨钙素还可以增加白色脂肪细胞中脂联素基因的表达。
正常情况下,脂联素的含量与胰岛素抵抗呈负相关性,而脂联素增多可降低胰岛素抵抗的产生。由此说明,骨钙素可以通过促进脂联素的表达而使胰岛素敏感性提高[13]。将成骨细胞和胰岛细胞或者脂肪细胞共培养,发现胰岛素和脂联素的表达在此共培养体系中明显提高,表明是通过成骨细胞分泌因子而对能量代谢及内分泌调节发挥作用[14]。
2.2 临床研究 与正常人相比,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清骨钙素水平明显降低,而在骨钙素高表达的人群中空腹血糖则明显偏低[15]。对患有Ⅱ型糖尿病的男性和绝经后的女性骨钙素与糖脂代谢相关性研究[16]发现,无论是男性还是绝经后女性,血清骨钙素水平与空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及动脉硬化参数呈负相关性,绝经后女性血清骨钙素水平与脂联素含量呈正相关性。同样有研究[7]发现,血清骨钙素水平与空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、高敏C反应蛋白、体质量指数以及身体脂肪含量存在负相关性。对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者通过血糖控制,骨钙素水平可随着血糖由高至正常也逐渐升高至正常[17]。在对肥胖患者进行外科手术减肥后的观察中,发现术后患者体内骨钙素的水平呈现升高趋势[18]。以上结论说明,骨钙素能够通过感知血糖浓度的变化,影响血清胰岛素和脂联素的水平,减少脂肪含量来参与Ⅱ型糖尿病的糖脂代谢调节的。
3 展望
骨钙素作为成骨细胞分泌的具有内分泌调节作用的因子,在骨代谢和糖脂代谢的调节中发挥着重要的作用。这与祖国医学肾主骨藏精理论不谋而合。诸多补肾中药常可干预骨的代谢行为,有望通过调控骨钙素的分泌,从而促使β细胞增殖、胰岛素分泌增多、胰岛素敏感性提高,降低血糖,减少脂肪堆积,从而起到改善糖脂代谢紊乱的作用。
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