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经皮冷消融治疗局部进展性胰腺癌的可行性

2011-11-22牛立志李海波文卫锋胡勇吴炳辉梁冰李蓉蓉周亮王静杨大明徐克成

中华胰腺病杂志 2011年1期
关键词:中位探针胰腺癌

牛立志 李海波 文卫锋 胡勇 吴炳辉 梁冰 李蓉蓉 周亮 王静 杨大明 徐克成

·论著·

经皮冷消融治疗局部进展性胰腺癌的可行性

牛立志 李海波 文卫锋 胡勇 吴炳辉 梁冰 李蓉蓉 周亮 王静 杨大明 徐克成

目的前瞻性观察经皮冷消融治疗的不良反应、肿瘤变化及近期疗效,探讨该技术治疗局部进展性胰腺癌的可行性。方法2008年9月至2009年9月共59例局部进展性胰腺癌患者采用氩/氦为基础的冷冻系统,在超声引导下行经皮冷消融治疗。将冷冻探针插入胰腺肿块的中心,做2次循环冷冻,每次冷冻5 min,温度为-160℃,然后复温,持续10 min。检测治疗前和治疗后7 d的血清淀粉酶活性;冷消融后每4~6周行CT扫描评价肿瘤变化;应用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率。结果59例患者共有76个活检证实的肿瘤,位于胰头部56个、胰体部7个、胰尾部13个。肿瘤中位大小4.5 cm,19例伴肝转移。术后发生腹痛45例(76.3%),发热29例(49.2%),血淀粉酶升高34例(57.6%),严重并发症(腹腔内出血、胰漏、肠梗阻和冷冻探针针道转移)5例(8.5%),无冷消融相关性死亡。中位住院时间21 d。2例(3.4%)获得完全缓解,23例(39.0%)获得部分缓解,30例(50.8%)疾病稳定, 4例(6.8%)疾病进展。中位存活期8.4个月;3、6、12个月存活率分别为89.7%、61.1%和34.5%。结论超声引导下的经皮冷消融是一种安全可行的局部进展性胰腺癌微创治疗技术。

胰腺肿瘤; 冷冻疗法; 冷冻消融术; 超声成像

冷冻治疗尤其经皮冷消融,作为一项微创治疗技术已愈来愈多地应用于肝、肾、前列腺、肺和乳腺等实质器官肿瘤的治疗。用于胰腺癌治疗的报告较少。Patiutko等[1]于1991年首次报道应用冷冻联合放疗治疗胰腺癌,2002年Kovach等[2]报告了不能切除性胰腺癌的冷冻治疗效果,认为冷冻可替代手术治疗胰腺癌,但冷冻是在手术中进行的。2008年我们首次报告经皮冷消融治疗局部进展性胰腺癌,疗效满意[3]。为了进一步确认经皮冷消融治疗胰腺癌的可行性,从2008年9月起,我们前瞻性观察了59例的治疗效果,现报道如下。

资料与方法

一、病例选择

2008年9月至2009年9月,我院收治73例活检证实的胰腺癌患者,其中59例接受经皮冷消融治疗。男性35例,女性24例,中位年龄57岁(38~85岁),入院前均接受过以吉西他滨或5-FU为基础的化疗,但未获得改善或短期改善后加剧。这些患者符合下列条件:(1)肿瘤较大,伴肠系膜上动脉和(或)腹腔干受累或后腹腔多个淋巴结肿大,无手术指征;(2)肝转移结节数不超过3个,最大径<5 cm;(3)全身状态良好;(4)除肝外,无其他器官多发性转移,无严重肝、肾功能不全,无凝血异常;(5)患者拒绝手术治疗。治疗者均获患者书面同意,并经复大肿瘤医院人权研究委员会批准。

二、冷消融治疗方法

设备采用氩氦冷冻系统(Endocare Inc.,Irvine,CA,USA)。冷冻监测采用Aloka 5500超声仪以及3.5MHz探头(MP2477)和穿刺引导架(UST-9128)。根据肿瘤部位,患者取仰卧位或俯卧位。常规超声检查确定肿瘤部位,选择探针进入点。应用的探针数取决于肿瘤大小,如肿瘤最大径<3 cm,用1或2根;如>3 cm,常用3~4根。患者麻醉后,在实时超声引导下将1根或多根1.7 mm口径的冷冻探针经穿刺引导架插入胰腺肿块的中心,并推进探针顶端达肿块远端内测缘。多根探针彼此相距1 cm(图1)。做2次循环冷冻,每次冷冻5 min,使探针尖端温度降到-160℃,然后主动复温,持续10 min。冰球的形成采用超声实时监测,冰球要覆盖全部肿瘤和其周围0.5 cm的正常组织。对于肝转移灶,采用另外的冷冻探针作右季肋间或季肋下穿刺进行冷冻,但冷冻、复温时间均为10 min。冷冻完成后,拔出探针,针孔填以浸有凝血素的明胶海绵以止血。术后2 h内常规接受静脉注射奥曲肽0.1 mg,继以25 μg/h维持静脉输注,连续3 d,有腹痛者延长至腹痛消失后12~24 h。冷消融治疗后未接受放化疗。

a:经皮插入2根冷冻探针;b:超声图显示探针进入胰腺肿块中心(低回声区),其顶端抵达肿块远端内侧缘;c:冷冻8 min后整个肿块被冰球覆盖

图1经皮经腹冷消融过程

三、疗效评定

治疗前和治疗后每天检测血清淀粉酶水平,连续2周,或到正常为止。每4~6周行一次CT或PET-CT检查。按WHO肿瘤客观反应评价标准[4]判断疗效。存活期按Kaplan-Meier法计算[5],组间比较采用log-rank试验,P<0.05有统计学差异。

结 果

一、治疗效果及并发症

59例患者共有76个活检证实的肿瘤,位于胰头部56个、胰体部7个、胰尾部13个。CT测定的肿瘤中位最大径为4.5 cm(3~6 cm)。19例伴肝转移。无冷消融相关性死亡。术后发生腹痛45例(76.3%),其中持续1~3 d 33例(55.9%)、4~7 d 9例(16.1%)、8~11 d 3例(5.1%);发热29例(49.2%),其中39℃以上6例(10.2%),一般持续3~4 d, 7 d内均降至正常;血清淀粉酶升高34例(57.6%),其中升高正常上限3倍以上者仅6例(10.2%),22例(37.3%)在3 d以内降至正常,7 d时仅3例轻度升高;急性胰腺炎3例(5.1%),均为轻型,均在7 d内康复。严重并发症为术后24 h内发生腹腔出血2例(3.4%),腹腔引流血性液体分别为600 ml和1100 ml,均在3 d内出血停止;术后14 h发生胰液外漏1例,给予非手术治疗后痊愈;并发肠梗阻1例,给予胃液抽吸和禁食,48 h后梗阻消失,原因未明;治疗后1个月出现上腹部穿刺点腹壁下肿块1例,PET-CT显示3 cm×2.5 cm肿块,活检证实为腺癌,考虑为冷消融针道转移,给予局部冷消融治疗,1个月后复查PET-CT,肿块消失。

二、住院天数及存活率

患者住院中位天数为21 d(11~34 d),出院后接受随访3~14个月,中位随访期7.5个月。肿瘤反应呈完全缓解(CR)者2例(3.4%),部分缓解(PR)者23例(39.0%),疾病稳定(SD)者30例(50.8%),疾病进展(PD)者4例(6.8%)。中位存活期8.4个月,3、6、12个月存活率分别为89.7%、61.1%和34.5%。40例不伴肝转移和19例伴有肝转移者的3、6、12个月存活率分别为92.4%、 84.2%、 62.1%和59.3%、 43.2%、 13.7%,相差显著(P<0.05) 。

讨 论

应用冷消融技术局部选择性破坏实质性肿瘤,尤其肝肿瘤,业已成为重要的治疗手段[6]。但与肝肿瘤周围常有大容量正常坚韧的肝实质性组织不同,胰腺体积小,质地脆嫩,冷冻胰腺有引起胰腺腺体破溃和伤及邻近脏器的危险,这种顾虑导致迄今冷消融未能普遍应用于胰腺肿瘤的治疗。

根据我们以往的治疗经验,在超声或CT引导下冷冻一般不会伤及邻近器官[7]。对于大血管,由于流动血流的温热作用,除非直接插入血管内,冷冻一般亦不会引起大出血[8]。近年来我们主要采用1.7 mm口径的超细冷冻探针,即使穿过胃或肠管,也不会引起器官破裂。我们的实验研究[9]同样显示,冷消融可引起界限清晰的靶点完全性坏死,未发生严重并发症,且胰腺组织冷冻至-110℃或至-160℃,持续时间5 min或10 min,引起的组织破坏是相似的,故冷冻持续时间选择5 min。此外,冷冻后肿瘤抗原释放,可激发“冷免疫”(cryoimmunity),控制或消除残存肿瘤组织[10]。

对于不能切除的局部进展性胰腺癌,无论是5-FU抑或吉西他滨为基础的化疗,均不能延长患者存活期,中位存活期一般为8.3~10个月[11]。联合化疗亦未能延长患者存活期[12-14]。本组疗效虽然相当于或略优于化疗的效果,但本组91.5%的患者系对以5-FU或吉西他滨为基础的化疗无反应或失败者,故我们的治疗结果应该是令人鼓舞的。而且本组无治疗相关性死亡,虽有5例出现严重不良反应,但均未造成严重后果。因此,经皮冷消融是一相对安全的微创技术。

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[8] Sarantou T,Bilchik A,Ramming KP.Complications of hepatic cryosurgery.Semin Surg Oncol,1998,14:156-162.

[9] Chiu D,Niu LZ,Xu KC,et al.Experimental study on pancreatic cryosurgery of porcine model.Cryobiology,2010(be published).

[10] Sabel MS.Cryo-immunology:a review of the literature and proposed mechanisms for stimulatory versus suppressive immune response.Cryobiology,2009,58:1-11.

[11] Okusaka T,Ishii H,Funakoshi A,et al.A phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic cancer.Jpn J Clin Oncol,2006,36: 557-563.

[12] Kindler HL,Friberg G,Singh DA,et al.Phase Ⅱ trial of bevacizumab plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.J Clin Oncol,2005,23:8033-8040.

[13] Kulke MH,Tempero MA,Niedzwiecki D,et al.Randomized phase Ⅱ study of gemcitabine administered at a fixed dose rate or in combination with cisplatin,docetaxel,or irinotecan in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer:CALGB 89904.J Clin Oncol,2009,27:5506-5512.

[14] Ardavanis A,Kountourakis P,Karagiannis A,et al.Biweekly gemcitabine (GEM) in combination with erlotinib (ERL):an active and convenient regimen for advanced pancreatic cancer.Anticancer Res,2009,29:5211-5217.

2010-03-01)

(本文编辑:吕芳萍)

Feasibilityandsafetyofpercutaneouscryoablationforlocallyadvancedpancreaticcancer

NIULi-zhi,LIHai-bo,WENWei-feng,HUYong,WUBing-hui,LIANGBing,LIRong-rong,ZHOULiang,WANGJing,YANGDa-ming,XUKe-cheng.

DepartmentofGastroenterology,FudaHospital,GuangzhouInstituteofBiomedicineandHealth,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Guangzhou510305,China

XUKe-cheng,Email:xukc@vip.163.com

ObjectiveTo observe the adverse reaction, tumor response and short term outcomes of percutaneous cryoablation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer, and investigate its feasibility.MethodsFifty-nine consecutive patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer underwent percutaneous cryoablation at our hospital from Sept. 2008 to Sept. 2009, were prospectively studied. Percutaneous cryoablation was performed with an argon/helium-based cryosurgical system under the guidance of ultrasound. Freezing probe was inserted into the center of pancreatic mass and two cycles of freezing were performed with each cycle for 5 min and temperature at -160℃, then the temperature was returned to normal for 10 min. Serum amylase was detected before operation and 1 to 7 days postoperatively. CT or PET-CT scanning was performed for evaluation of tumor response every 4 to 6 weeks after cryoablation. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method.Results59 patients had a total of 76 biopsy-proven tumors, which were located at the pancreas head (n=56), body (n=7), and tail (n=13). The median size of tumor was 4.5 cm (range 3~6 cm). Nineteen patients had liver metastases. Postoperative abdominal pain occurred in 45 cases (76.3%), fever occurred in 29 cases (49.2%) and elevation of serum amylase occurred in 34 cases (57.6%). Severe complications including intra-abdominal bleeding, pancreatic leaks, ileus, and metastasis by probe tract occurred in 5 cases (8.5%). There was no death associated with cryoablation. The median hospital stay was 21 days. 2 patients (3.4%) achieved complete response, 23 patients(39.0%) achieved partial response, 30patients (50.8%) had stable disease, 4 patients(6.8%) had progressive disease. The median survival was 8.4 months. The overall survival at 3, 6 and 12 months was 89.7%, 61.1% and 34.5%, respectively.ConclusionsUltrasound-guided percutaneous cryoablation appears to be a safe and feasible, minimally invasive technique for locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic neoplasms; Cryotherapy; Cryoablation; Ultrasonography imaging

10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2011.01.001

510305 广州,中国科学院广州生物医药与健康研究院附属复大医院胃肠科(牛立志、李海波、文卫锋、胡勇、吴炳辉、李蓉蓉、王静、徐克成);广州复大肿瘤医院冷冻治疗中心(牛立志、梁冰、李蓉蓉、周亮、杨大明、徐克成)

徐克成,Email:xukc@vip.163.com

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