让出小舞台，收获大精彩——谢弗勒“人类的潜能”理论与英语课学生自主式导入

袁晓琳

(江苏省如皋中学)

俗话说，良好的开端是成功的一半。英语课堂上引人入胜的导入，能够激发学生的学习兴趣和求知欲，活跃课堂气氛，为提高课堂效率奠定基础。著名教育哲学家伊斯雷尔·谢弗勒在《人类的潜能——一项教育哲学的研究》一书中说：“学习的能力并不是一种无限的、可供学习者随便浪费的资源，如果孩子们的好奇心没有得到唤醒，而是受到严重压抑的话，就会逐渐丧失掉。如果孩子们天生的问题意识没有得到保护，而是不断受到阻碍的话，最终也将失去。对于探究新的东西来说，理智的灵活性、冒险精神、自信等是非常必要和宝贵的品质，如若长期不用或滥用的话，也会失去它们原本的作用。”《普通高中英语课程标准》也提出：高中英语教学应鼓励学生通过积极尝试、自我探究、自我发现和主动实践等学习方式，形成具有高中生特点的英语学习的过程与方法。在这样的精神指导下，笔者在实践中，尝试把导入环节这方舞台让给学生，取得了很好的教学效果。

一、提出要求，有章可循

让学生自主设计导入环节，不是说完全放手，而是在教师的指导下，学生自行设计与自我完善。笔者对同学们提出的要求如下：

1.形式多样。可以根据个人的喜好和特长，自主选择猜谜、演讲、朗诵、唱歌等多种形式，鼓励创新和突破传统形式，并根据需要使用录音机、投影仪等多媒体设备。

2.尽量使用英语。提出这一要求的目的是为了帮助学生尽快转换学科思维。

3.尽量结合当前所学内容。导入环节是为新授课做准备，因此要尽量结合本节课内容、本单元话题或者当前的教学热点。

4.有序进行。具体由课代表协调安排，可以按照学号顺序、座位顺序、姓氏笔画顺序等进行。实施过程中，也可以适当调整顺序；可以单独完成，也可以几人合作完成。

5.努力出彩。我对学生说：“你的舞台你做主！”同时，要求每个人都要努力做到让大家拍手叫绝、经久难忘。只有这样，短短三分钟的导入才能集思广益、厚积薄发。

二、相信学生，创意无限

笔者执教的班级，学生自主式导入经过不断改进与提高，如今已逐步完善。下面我把同学们的导入分为六种类型，与广大高中英语教师探讨。

1.励志型

例1：励志文。

It’s up to you!

Today,I have a dream.I dream that we can be proud of ourselves.Why?Here are the reasons.

Consider you!In all of the time before now and in all of the time to come,there has never been and will never be anyone just like you.You are unique in the entire history and future of universe.

You arebeautiful!You areyoung!Beautiful and young people are the whimsy of nature,but beautiful old people are true works of art.But you don’t become “beautiful” just by the aging process.Real beauty comes from learning,growing,and loving in the way of life.That is the art of life.And you are the artist that paints your future with the brush of today.

God gives every bird its food,but he doesn’t throw it into its nest.Wherever you want to go,whatever you want to do,it’s truly up to you!Also,whether today’s dream will come true,it’s up to you!

例2：句子串串烧。

Don’t let the past hold you back,or you’ll miss the good stuff.

Life is short.If you don’t look around once in a while,you might miss it.

Everything is okay in the end.If it is not okay,then it’s not the end.

Yesterday is history,tomorrow is mystery,today is a gift,that is why it is called the present!

2.幽默型

例1：英语是个有趣的语言。

There is no egg in eggplant;nor ham in hamburger;neither pine in pineapple.

Quicksand can work slowly and boxing rings are square.

If a vegetarian eats vegetables,what does a humanitarian eat?

How can a person be “pretty ugly”?

例2：英语幽默。

Mr Smith was terribly overweight.So his doctor put him on a diet.

“I want you to eat regularly for 2 days,then skip a day.And repeat this for 2 weeks.The next time I see you,you will have lost 5 pounds.”

When Mr Smith returned,he had lost nearly 20 pounds.

“Why?That’s amazing! ” the doctor said.“Did you follow my instructions?”

Mr Smith nodded. “I’ll tell you,though,I thought I was going to drop dead by the end of the 3rd week.”

“From hunger,you mean?”

“No,from skipping.”

3.激智型

例1：“千呼万唤始出来”。

Guess who he/she is according to the descriptions.The answer may be revealed before the description is finished.

He is recognized as“the king of pop” all the time.He created the coolest dancing steps—moonwalk.He died in the summer of 2009.(Michal Jackson)

He was born in Hunan Province.He was a poet as well as a great leader.He made great contributions to the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.He has passed away,but we can still see him in Tian’anmen Square.(Mao Zedong)

He is young but brilliant.He is one of the richest writers in China now.He has written many popular novels,such as “In my left hand is my reflection,in my right hand is my youth”, “Tiny Times”.His magazine called“Top Novels” is very popular among young students.(Guo Jingming)

例2：脑筋急转弯。

Why is a river very rich?(Because it has two banks.)

Which is the longest word in English?(“Smiles”,because it has a mile in it.)

Where can afternoon come before morning?(In a dictionary.)

4.跨文化型

例1：说出中文里与下列英语俗语对应的句子。

Set a thief to catch a thief.（以毒攻毒。）

Speak of the devil and he will come.（说曹操，曹操到。）

A plant may produce new flowers;man is young but once.（花有重开日，人无再少年。）

The finest diamond must be cut. （玉不琢，不成器。）

例2：根据古诗的英文翻译，猜出作者和诗词的名字。

Beside my bed a pool of light

Is it hoarfrost on the ground

I lift my head and see the moon

I bend my head and think of home

（李白 《静夜思》）

It rained endlessly during the rainy season in spring

Travelers along the road look gloomy

I ask a boy where I can find a bar

He points at a distance village for me

（杜牧《清明》）

此外，根据英文歌词猜曲名、英文绕口令、英语顺口溜、英语俚语、演唱英文歌曲、介绍英语国家文化等，也是被学生经常采用的、深受欢迎的导入方式。

5.时事热点型

例1：说出下列中文词汇的英文。

card slave卡奴

house slave房奴

dink（double income and no kids） 丁克一

族

spam messages垃圾短信

rushing clan奔奔族

sub-health亚健康

例2：有关世博的英语。

expo garden世博园

theme pavilion主题馆

stand-alone pavilion独立馆

trial operation试运行

Expo Performance Centre世博演艺中心

peak day ticket指定日票

universal ticket system一票通用制度

host city主办城市

licensed products特许商品

mobile toilet移动厕所

passenger flow客流

emergency assistance facility紧急服务设施

6.心灵鸡汤型

例1：关于友谊的名句。

Some friends come and go like a season.Others are arranged in our lives for good reason.

True friends are hard to find,difficult to leave and impossible to forget.

Friends are like stars.You don’t always see them,but you know they are always there.

Memories last forever,never do they die.Friends stay together,never say goodbye.

With clothes the new are the best;with friends the old are best.

例2：写给祖父母的一封信。Dear grandparents:

When I write this letter,you have left the world forever.Whenever I think of you,memories came flooding back.You bought me beautiful clothes and birthday cakes on my birthday;you told me stories on winter nights....I was the happiest child in the world because of you!

However,several years ago you got cancer and left us.Grandmother couldn’t stand the sorrow of losing you and passed away only half a year after your death.How sad and regretful I am! I had meant to tell you how much I love you！I had meant to tell you that I wanted to take good care of you when I grew up!But it is too late!Just as a famous saying goes,“The tree wants to be quiet but the wind won’t stop blowing;the child wants to support his parents but they have passed away!”

Please forgive me,my dear grandparents!Wish you live a happy life in the heaven!

Please believe in me,dear grandparents!I will work hard to realize my dream!

At last,I want to remind all of you,my classmates,please treasure everything you have now.When you have lost it,it is too late to regret about it!

三、有效评价，收获满足

《普通高中英语课程标准》提出：评价应有利于学生认识自我，树立自信；应有助于学生反思和调控自己的学习过程，从而促进综合语言运用能力的不断发展。教师应使学生认识到自我评价对于学习能力发展的意义，学会自我评价的方法，并在学习中积极、有效地加以运用，不断提高学习的自主性。在各类评价活动中，学生都应是积极的参与者与合作者。因此，对于学生的表现，不仅要当堂点评，还要阶段点评，及时给予恰当的表扬和鼓励，才能持续激发学生的表现热情。每天的导入部分，笔者都会很认真地“听讲”，同时观察学生的反应。因为学生毕竟不是教师，他们很难做到在“讲课”的同时还去关注同学们的反应。所以，当他们需要同学参与互动时，常因找不到合适的对象而影响整体效果和课堂效率。这个时候，笔者顺乎自然地帮个小忙，会使得整个过程更顺利圆满。

笔者把点评环节分成下列几步：一、每节课的导入之后，由学生用英文进行言简意赅的点评，谈谈自己的感受。二、课代表在周末组织全班同学或部分同学对本周情况点评，评出各类奖次，在下周一的课上宣读。三、月底对本月情况进行点评，评出该月的前三名。四、一轮结束后，进行全班的点评，评出一、二、三等奖。对于获奖同学，给予精神鼓励和物质奖励。精神鼓励的形式有张榜公布、家长会表扬、奖励一次上台表现机会等；物质奖励不在于价值多少，重在意义。有了这样的评价与激励机制，同学们参与的积极性越来越高、质量越来越好，课前三分钟融趣味性、互动性、知识性为一体，成了师生心目中精彩的记忆。下面例举两例学生的点评：

例1：

Last week,Bai Yashu got the third place for his fluent English and good pronunciation;the second place is given to She Zhiwei because he wrote the passage himself and it was so encouraging.All of us agreed that,since Qiu Xiaofeng challenged himself to sing a song for us,he will get the first place.

例2：

Everyone did a good job last month,so it is really difficult for us to make judgments about their performances.

At last,we decide to give the Prize of Inspiration to Zhu Tianyao.He encouraged the whole class to be ambitious eagles instead of ordinary worms;we will award the Prize of Creation to Xu Tingting,all of us consider her performance the most creative one;the Prize of Humor should be awarded to Zheng Yu,for he amused us so much with two interesting jokes.Thank you!

综上所述，导入环节是否成功直接关系到整节课成功与否（邵利群，2008）。英语教师千万不可“认识不到或者欣赏不到学生身上重要的潜能，使得一些有价值的潜能由于缺乏对其认识或关注而得不到开发”（谢弗勒，1985）。教师如果能够对学生进行合理的指导、提出恰当的要求、巧妙运用教学机智、充分体现学生的主体性，学生自主式导入能够让学生很快调整松散心绪、进入英语情境、调动学习兴趣、降低对英语课的恐惧感和陌生感，让不同的学生都获得满足感与成就感。可以说，老师让出这方小小的舞台，收获的是大大的精彩！

[1]谢弗勒.人类的潜能——一项教育哲学的研究[M].上海华东师范大学出版社,2006.

[2]教育部.普通高中英语课程标准（实验）[M].北京:人民教育出版社，2003.

[3]邵利群.初中英语阅读课的有效设计[J].中小学英语教学与研究，2008.12.

[4]熊亦波.精心设计导入实施有效阅读[J].中小学外语教学（中学篇），2010.6.