从高考阅卷看高考英语书面表达得分策略

李永红

(山东省淄博实验中学)

本人有幸参加了今年的山东省高考书面表达阅卷，了解到了一些书面表达的评分细则和注意事项，注意到了一些弊端和问题，由此想到了一些书面表达备考中的重难点及写作中的策略，记录下来共享读者。

一、高考英语书面表达评分细则

二、注意事项

评分时，现根据文章的内容和语言初步确定是否及格线。

词数少于120，从应得分中减去2分。关于大错、小错的问题：

小错：单词拼写、冠词、大小写、标点符号错误。

大错：搭配错误、词语用错（介词、名词、动词、形容词、副词）、时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、句式等错误。

三、专家所给的几个样板分

(1)

I am sorry to tell you that our plan to visit Beijing next weekend has to be delayed because I have an activity of great significance to take part in.

Word came that the Student Union of my school is going to hold an activity which aims to encourage citizens to lead a low-carbon life on the next weekend.Nowadays,it’s exactly too much emission of greenhouse gases that causes the greenhouse effect and does serious damage to the environment.As a consequence,I think it’s quite necessary to spread the benefits of low-carbon life.What’s more,although travelling is an excellent idea,if I missed the opportunity,I’ll regret in a long time.

However,we can carry out our plan on the first weekend of next month.What about your opinion?

Look forward to your reply.

(专家点评：有虚拟，语法结构复杂。得分28)

(2)

I’m so sorry to tell you that I can’t go on the trip to Beijing with you next weekend.It’s a pity that I can’t go with you.I had been so excited about it.But now,I can’t do it.

Next weekend,my school has a very im-portant activity.Many old students of my school will come to see the change of their mother school.As the master of my class,I have to attend the activity to guard them around my school and tell them the new things in my school.After these,I will have lunch with them.

How about going to Beijing another time?How about the coming summer holiday?During the holiday we have more time to enjoy the beautiful city,please write to me soon if you agree.(22分)

(3)

I will talk something to you.You can’t feel very happy.Next Sunday we should go a trip to Beijing,but next sunday I have something to do.I’m sorry to.I can’t go a trip,but something must be done.

As the matter of fact,my sister had a baby.He only have two years old,next Sunday my sister is busy to do work,she doesn’t have any time.So I have to help her.I must look after her baby.I will try my best to help my sister.I think do this thing is very hard,because many babys often cry.I don’t know how to do.

Next Sunday I doesn’t have more time,so we can’t go a trip.This Sunday!Do you have more time?if you have,we can go a trip on this Sunday.Can you?

(专家给分：14 分)

四、阅卷中发现的问题和不利因素

学生写作中的一些问题：

1.洋洋洒洒型。一些学生洋洋洒洒写了很多失约的理由，甚至扯到了世博，然而题目要求的三个要点只表达了两个，或者一个，失分较多，直接就不及格了。语言要是再有点问题，那就得分很低了。

2.错误百出型。有些文章要点全有，但是语句错误百出，如果错的只是单词拼写、冠词、大小写、标点符号等较小错误倒是扣分不多，及格还是能捞回来的。但如果是大错，如搭配错误、词语用错（介词、名词、动词、形容词、副词）、时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、句式等错误，那分数就会被从及格分以上扣到及格分以下了。

3.平淡无味型。大多数的文章属于这个类型，要点也够了，语言也没有大错，但是所写内容就和便条一样，所给的失约理由寻找得不当。导致语言无味，所学高级词汇和句式用不上，更有甚者，词数就不能达到要求，这样就只能是及格分左右了。

双频阅卷对学生的不利方面：

双频制度让高分凸显机会大大减少。虽然双频阅卷挽救了一些中等层次分数被误判的可能性，避免了一些不合理现象。但它也同时将高分试卷凸显的概率降低了。如上面两那篇专家给的28分文章如果放到实际阅卷过程中去，要想得到28分概率却很低，因为双频阅卷条件下，学生作文的最后得分是一频和二频得分在差距不超过六分的情况下的平均值。凡是超过6分（含6分）就投入三频阅卷，三频阅读的分数接近的那个分数有效，另一个差值大的成为无效劳动。这样一来如果一频给得比较靠近真实分数是28，那么二频有可能给这样几个有效分数23，24，25，26，27，28，（29 大家都不敢给，那是要接受审查的，在保险心理作用下，很多老师宁可少给一分）,而这几个分数中，只有二频也给28，学生才能得到这个真实分数。而这个概率大家都看得到，不到20%。还有一种可能，如果一频也给得保守，那么这个真实分数学生就完全没有可能得到了。综合起来，学生得到这个真实分数的可能就只有5%了。

所以，这就要求我们更多关注高分突破的策略，以博得两频老师的欢心了。

五、书面表达得分策略

高考书面表达阅卷一般不会轻易给0分和30分的满分，除掉这两个分数，13，18，23这三个分数是很重要的三个分水岭，当然低分就没有研究价值了，关于高分突破，本人总结了如下几点供大家参考。

(一)“全、准、高”是三个境界

全，即要点要全。只要具备了作文要求的三个内容要点，就可以得到及格分18分，但是如果表达中硬伤太多，还是要适当扣分的。词数不够也会在此基础上扣掉2分。

准，即表达准确。如果三个内容要点都全了，表达也准确，可得到上到第二个台阶23分。

高，即表达中有复杂句式，高级词汇。如果做到了全准高这三点作文要得到26-29就没有什么问题了。

(二)突破23分的招数

寻找合适的话题契机是关键。这个话题契机是自己寻找的，自己创作的基点，它要便于自己的行文发展有话可说，便于自己展现自己的文采，便于插入高级句式的表达。做好这一步等于搭好楼台框架。对于多数学生来说他们需要克服“创作即是撒谎”的心理阴影。旅美学者祁寿华曾说“广义地说，创造活动贯穿于写作的全过程。写作本身就是一种创造！ ”行动(action)，行动者(actors)，环境(setting)，动机(motive)，方法(method)这 5 个成分是戏剧和许多文学作品的基本要素，借用在写作上，则是个很有成效的写作方法。我们的学生往往没有找到合适的环境，即没有找到合适的话题契机。从而其创作过程受阻。

行文准确流畅是得分的根本。这要求我们平时打好文法基础，考试时也要再三检查将错误减少到最少。

灵活使用高级句式是得高分的依据。灵活准确使用倒装、虚拟、主从复合句（包括定语从句、主语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等）、非谓语、独立主格到自己的文章中是吸引老师眼球拔高老师视线的彩球。

六、佳作举例（文中有些许小错未加修改）

A

I am writing to apologize to you for my being absent from our travel to Beijing next weekend.It is because something important suddenly happened and I can’t get away from it.So I have to say sorry to you.

Do you remember the earthquake that hit Qinghai Province?Because of the great damage it caused,people there are now leading a hard life.Many poor people there don’t have any shelters and even have to sleep in the open air.Having no electricity and basic facilities,they are in bad conditions that are beyond our imagination.After hearing the news,our school is going to launch a campaign.Next weekend,we will go outside the school and appeal to passers-by to raise money for the reconstruction in Qinghai.

Well,all in all,that’s why I have to put off our appointment.Hope you can accept my apology.Actually,I don’t want to miss so wonderful a travel with you.what about going to Beijing next month.

Look forward to your reply.

B

Although having longed for the trip to Beijing for a long time,I am particularly sorry to tell you that the appointment will be cancelled or the following reasons.

I am going to be more than busy next week.With the exam approaching,I have to concentrate on my attentions to prepare for it.Besides,next weekends our class will have an English speech about leading low carbon life style.I have signed up for it early.So busy I am that I can’t accompany you to visit Beijing next weekend.

However,don’t lower your spirit and please cheer up.Once I have finished those complex tasks,we can have another plan to Beijing.We might as well date the time for the next month.As for the clear time,I will immediately announce you after getting a good idea to my plan.

Wish you have a good time every day and make progress in your study.Don’t forget to keep in touch with me when you have free time.

Best wishes!

[1]山东省阅卷评分细则[M].2010.

[2]祁寿华.西方写作理论、教学与实践[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.