WebCorp在VOA慢速英语词汇教学上的应用
——以declare和announce为例
2011-04-01黄永新张黎黎
黄永新 张黎黎
(石家庄铁路职业技术学院外语系,河北石家庄 050041)
WebCorp在VOA慢速英语词汇教学上的应用
——以declare和announce为例
黄永新 张黎黎
(石家庄铁路职业技术学院外语系,河北石家庄 050041)
文中通过语料库检索技术分别对declare和announce两词进行了深入的观察与分析,探讨了在线语料库WebCorp在VOA慢速英语词汇教学上所能发挥的功能与价值,旨在帮助学生更好地掌握词汇,同时更好地促进语料库技术在高职外语教学领域中的应用。
WebCorp;语料库;VOA慢速英语;语义韵
一、语料库语言学概述
目前语料库技术在语言教学与研究中的应用如火如荼,随着个人电脑与网络技术的快速发展,不少学者已开始着手建立各种类型的小型语料库,以满足各自的教学或研究需要。很多研究者针对教学使用的小型语料库进行了各种分析与探讨[1][2],而基于小型语料库进行各种教学实践的研究并不多见[3],这就使得很多外语教师对语料库这一技术心存敬畏,不能很好地使语料库这一有利工具为己所用。
语料库语言学是在语料库的基础上对语言进行分析和研究的科学,是一种随着计算机和网络技术发展应运而生的新的语言学研究领域。现代计算机语料库的发展始于上世纪50年代末、60年代初,以LOB(1961)和BROWN(1961)两个语料库的建立为标志,经过几十年的发展,语料库语言学在理论和技术上均趋于成熟。我国在语料语言学研究上也取得了一定的成果,如桂诗春教授主持的国家“九五”社科规划项目“中国英语学习者语料库”共100多万词。不过,通过CNKI检索,发现高职高专类的期刊上有关语料库研究的文章相当有限,可见高职领域中很多外语教师还不是十分了解这一理论与技术。本文以VOA慢速英语语料中的常见词declare和announce为例,探讨了WebCorp工具在词汇教学中所能发挥的功能与价值,旨在推广语料库技术在高职外语教学领域中的应用。
二、语料库研究过程及发现
(一)通过传统方法学习词汇
在该VOA慢速英语听力教学过程中,笔者经常遇到declare及announce两个词语。经过调查发现,学生通常只知道这两个词都有“宣布”的意思,至于两者是否存在区别,并不是十分清楚。通过查询学生们最常用的《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》,得出如下解释:
declare:formally announce(sth.);make known clearly正式宣布(某事);表明。如:declare that the war is over;they declare him the winner.
announce:make(sth.)known publicly宣布,宣告。如:They announced their engagement to the family;
The Prime Minister announced that she would resign.
根据字典的解释,学生可以大致了解这两个词的基本含义,但是对它们之间是否存在区别还是不能肯定。为此,笔者引入语料库技术对这两个词进行了深入观察,以加深学生对它们的理解与掌握。
(二)通过语境共现观察词汇的语义韵
通过语境共现学习词汇的语义韵是语料库的一项基本的教学功能。语义韵指某一词汇习惯与某些具有特定或相似语义范畴的词项构成搭配关系,久而久之该词自身就染上了相关的语义特点,从而整个语境便弥漫一种特定的语义氛围,即语义韵(Semantic Prosody)[4]。笔者使用WebCorp工具,对21voa.com网站中最近一年更新的VOA慢速英语听力语料(约60万词次)中的declare及announce两词分别进行了检索,删去重复出现及无效的检索结果后,共得出35个含有declare语境实例及28个含有announce的语境实例。通过对检索结果进行分析,得出如下结论:
35个含有declare的语境实例中,1次为“声明”之意,34次为“宣布”之意。Declare作“宣布”之意时,用法分析如下:
1、从句子的主语来看:
①President,[8次,频率为23.5%]
如:Presidents can declare national monuments,but Congress must act to establish a national park.
②Congress/House[7次,频率为20.0%]
如:In eighteen ninety-four,Congress approved a bill to declare Labor Day a national holiday.
③领导、官员、代表[5次,频率为14.3%]
如:Rafe says maybe the town officials can declare the house a historic building
④地名(国家、州、殖民地等)[5次,频率为14.3%]
如:Kosovo is expected to declare its independence from Serbia in the coming days,possibly on Sunday.
⑤法院、法官[3次,频率为8.6%]
如:We of the jury declare that Aaron Burr is not proved guilty by any evidence offered to us.
⑥World Health Organization[2次,频率为5.7%]
如:The W.H.O.will not declare an influenza pandemic unless a virus becomes widespread in at least two areas of the world.
⑦剩余实例:2次无主语;1次主语为we;1次主语为ceremony[4次,11.4%]
2、从连接的宾语来看:
①war,指“宣战”[5 次,频率为 14.3%]
如:And only Congress had the constitutional power to declare war.
②Day,指“宣布成立‘…节/日’”[5次,频率为14.3%]
如:In nineteen fifty-three,the first lady persuaded Congress to declare a National Teacher Day.
③independence,指“宣布独立”[4次,频率为11.4%]
如:There was a real danger that the South would declare its independence.
④national/federal building,指“宣布…为国家级/联邦建筑物”[4次,频率为11.4%]
如:But a law called the Antiquities Act gives presidents the power to declare national monuments.
⑤trial result,指“宣布有罪/无罪”[4次,频率为11.4%]如:They asked the court to declare him innocent because of insanity.
⑥剩余实例中的宾语没有明显的类属关系,大致为“宣布…结果/方案”[12次,34.3%]
基于上述分析,我们可以总结出declare一词做“宣布”之意时,主语常为“总统、国会、官员、国家或地区、法院”,他们有一个共同的特点——权威人士或官方[30次,88.2%],宾语常为war,… Day,independence,national building,trial result,等等,指“宣战、宣布成立‘…节/日’、宣布…为国家级/联邦建筑物、宣布有罪/无罪,等等”。
采用同样的方法来分析announce一词。28个含有announce的语境实例中,1次为“发言、说”之意,1次为“报告、公布”之意,26次为“宣布”之意。Announce做“宣布”之意时,用法分析如下:
1、从句子的主语来看:
①Normal people,[13次,频率为50.0%]
如:During the Academy Awards ceremony,famous actors and actresses announce the names of the winners.
②President[6次,频率为23.1%]
如:President Obama is preparing to announce his new war plan on Tuesday.
③Official bodies[3次,频率为11.5%]
如:This month,the W.H.O.joined with other groups to announce a new effort against malaria.
④Non-official bodies[4次,频率为15.4%]
如:This weekend,Project Green Search will announce its selection of a new model for the environmental"Green Revolution."
2、从连接的宾语来看:
①winner,指“宣布获胜者”[4次,频率为15.4%]
如:During the Academy Awards ceremony,famous actors and actresses announce the names of the winners.
②declaration/proclamation,指“宣布某项声明、宣言”[4次,频率为15.4%]
如:He explained his plans and read to Douglas the declaration he would announce the next day.
③discovery,指“宣布某项发现”[3次,频率为11.5%]
如:But the astronomers did not think it was time to announce the discovery because more research was needed.
④marriage,指“宣布婚姻情况”[2次,频率为7.7%]如:They did not announce their marriage for three years.
⑤其余实例中的宾语没有明显的类属关系,大致为“宣布…结果/方案”[13次,频率为50.0%]
基于上述分析,我们可以总结出announce一词做“宣布”之意时,主语多数情况下为“普通人或非官方”[17次,65%],少数情况为“权威人士或官方”[9次,35%]。当announce做“普通人或非官方公开宣布”之意时,宾语常为winner,discovery,marriage,等等,指“宣布获胜者、宣布某项发现、宣布婚姻情况,等等”;当announce做“权威人士或官方的公开宣布”之意时,宾语常为 declaration,、proclamation,、war、policy 等,指“宣布某项声明/宣言、宣战、宣布政策,等”,此时与declare基本相同。
通过对declare及announce两个词语的语义韵差异的调查,拓展了词汇教学的内容,使学生在深化对declare与announce两词搭配内涵与深度知识认识的同时,也更清晰地表明了declare与announce两词的区别。
(三)通过语境共现探索词汇的语法、句法现象
为了更好地区分declare与announce两词,还可以观察各自的语法、句法现象。“一定的词汇和意义总是以一定的语法形式表现出来,一定的语法结构也总要以最经常和最典型的词汇来实现”[5]。所以,语法特征在词汇教学中不可忽视。在辨析declare及announce两词作“宣布”之意时语义韵差异的同时,对检索结果进行分析,还同时可以发现其语法上的特点:
1、Declare一词的语法特点
①declare+宾语[21次,频率为61.7%]
如:And only Congress had the constitutional power to declare war.
In nineteen fifty-three,the first lady persuaded Congress to declare a National Teacher Day.
Presidents can declare national monuments,but Congress must act to establish a national park.
②declare+宾语+宾语补足语[9次,频率为26.5%]如:A two-thirds vote was needed to declare him guilty.
A plan to declare the area a national marine sanctuary could have taken a year.
Rafe says maybe the town officials can declare the house a historic building.
③declare+从句[4次,频率为11.8%]
如:He also proposed that Congress declare that it had no power to interfere with the slave trade between states.
We of the jury declare that Aaron Burr is not proved guilty by any evidence offered to us.
Abraham Lincoln … do hereby declare that… all persons held as slaves…shall then become and be forever free.
2、Announce一词的语法特点
①announce+宾语[22次,频率为84.6%]
如:They did not announce their marriage for three years.
During the Academy Awards ceremony,famous actors and actresses announce the names of the winners.
The judges will announce a winner later this year.
②announce+从句[4次,频率为15.4%]
如:The festival does not announce what movies will be shown until the weekend visitors arrive.
Raoul wants to announce that he and Christine are planning to marry.
That was enough evidence for the American space agency to announce that water ice had finally been directly observed on Mars.
基于上述分析,我们得出如下结论:declare一词可以接名词和从句(一般为that引导)作宾语,也可以接宾语+宾语补足语的结构。而announce一词只能接名词和从句(一般为that引导)作宾语,没有其他的结构形式。
三、研究分析
基于上述分析,可以看出现代语料库技术可以为学习者提供更多的语言使用实例,从而得以从更多真实语境中观察词汇的用法,从而更牢固地学习、掌握词汇。教师也可以在更多层面上针对词汇开展教学活动,如可以通过传统查词典的方式学习词汇的词形、词义,也可以通过语料库中的语境共现观察并总结词汇的语法、语义韵等现象。语料库技术在外语教学中的广泛应用,既可以开阔学习者的视野,也可以激发学习者的学习热情,提高学习效果[6]。不过,这种教学方式的引入也对教师和学生提出了新的挑战,一方面,教师应不断学习语料库知识与技术,在实际教学过程中能引导学生解决实际问题;另一方面,学生也要改变自己传统的被动接受知识的角色,加强自我探索与研究的能力,逐渐发展成为一位可以独立、持续发展的学习者[7]。
四、结语
本文以declare和announce两词为例,介绍了在线WebCorp语料库在VOA慢速英语词汇教学中所能发挥的功能与价值,为语言词汇教学提供了一种全新的视角和思路。但是,我们应该认识到,语料库技术的引入不是要否定传统的教学方式,而是要与传统教学方式结合起来,共同为外语教学服务。另外,本文介绍的WebCorp语料库只能针对互联网上的比较集中的语料进行处理,如要对特定语篇的词汇进行研究,而这些语篇在互联网上数量很少或者不太集中,就需要研究者首先动手收集语料来构建新的语料库,进而通过语料库检索工具进行有针对性的研究。
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G712
A
1671-5136(2011) 01-0103-03
2010-12-07
黄永新(1978-),男,河北鹿泉人,石家庄铁路职业技术学院外语系讲师,硕士,研究方向为语料库语言学、外语教学。