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There be结构浅谈

2010-12-30

中学英语之友·上 2010年1期
关键词:肯定句中作否定句

王 珺

There be结构的基本句型是“There+be+主语+其他(状语、定语等)”。它表示“某时某处有某人或某物”。there是引导词,无词义,应弱读。There be位居该句型的句首。如:

There is a small village at the foot of the mountain.

要掌握There be句型需熟知以下几条:

1. There be结构中be动词数的确定。

be动词的数由它后面的主语来定。若主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词,则be动词应是单数is或was;若主语是可数名词复数,则be动词应是复数are或were。如:

There is a new dictionary in her hand.

There are a lot of people at the meeting.

如果有两个或更多主语,be动词一般与离得最近的主语保持一致,即“就近一致”。如:

There is a girl, two boys and some teachers on the playground.

There are two boys, a girl and some teachers on the playground.

2. There be结构中be的时态变化。

①一般现在时:be的形式是is/are。如:

There is much milk here.

Are there any boys here?

②一般过去时:be的形式是was/were。如:

Were there any students in the reading room yesterday?

There were some sheep on the road twenty minutes ago.

③一般将来时:be的形式是will be,也可以是be going to be。如:

There will be a meeting next week.

There is going to be a meeting next week.

3. There be结构的句型转化。

⑴肯定句变为否定句

①There be结构的肯定句变否定句时,需在be后加not。is not可缩写成isnt, are not可缩写成arent。

②这一结构的肯定句中有some时,需把some改为any。如:

a. There is a girl playing in the garden.→There isnt a girl playing in the garden.

b. There are some books on the desk.→There arent any books on the desk.

③There be结构中作主语的名词前有a(an)或some时,变否定句,可以把not a(an)或not any改为no。即:not a(an)=no, not any=no。

如上面a、b两句的否定句可以分别是:

There is no girl playing in the garden.

There are no books on the desk.

⑵否定句变为肯定句

①There be结构的否定句变肯定句时把be后的not去掉,将any改为some。如:

There isnt any ink in the bottle.→There is some ink in the bottle.

②如果否定句中be后是no+名词,改为肯定句时,根据主语的单、复数把no直接改为a(an)或some。主语为单数时改为a(an),主语为复数或不可数名词时改为some。如:

a. There is no exercise book with her.→There is an exercise book with her.

b. There is no water here and there.→There is some water here and there.

c. There are no lamps in the room.→There are some lamps in the room.

⑶肯定句变为一般疑问句

There be结构的肯定句变为一般疑问句时,需把be提到there前,be的第一个字母大写,句末用问号。如果主语前有some,需把some改为any。如:

There are some apples in the basket.→Are there any apples in the basket?

其答语为:Yes, there are./No, there arent (any).

⑷There be结构的特殊疑问句

There be结构的基本句型是“There+be+主语+介词短语”。

①对句型中主语部分划线提问,其特殊疑问句应为:Whats+介词短语?如:

a. There is some water in the cup.→Whats in the cup?

b. There are 20 people in the room.→Whats in the room?

②<1>There be结构基本句型中作主语的名词如果是可数名词,对名词前的数词(one,three…)或相当于数词的词(some,a few,many…)提问,其特殊疑问句形式为“How many+可数名词复数+are there+介词短语?”如:

a. There is a radio on the table.→How many radios are there on the table?

b. There are a few students in the classroom.→How many students are there in the classroom?

<2>如果there be句型中作主语的为不可数名词,对不可数名词前的表示数量的词some, a little或短语a cup of, three bottles of…提问,其特殊疑问句形式为“How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语?”。如:

There is a little milk in the bottle.→How much milk is there in the bottle?

4. There be结构,谓语动词除be外,还可用某些含有“存在”意义的不及物动词或词组,如live, stand, lie, come, enter等。如:

There stands a bridge across the river.

Many years ago there lived an old man.

Then there came a knock at the door.

5. There be结构不能与have(有)混用。

①There be表示“存在”,have表示“拥有”。所以不能把There be中的be改为have。如:

There are five windows in the room. (√)

There have five windows in the room. (×)

②当have表示事物特征时,可用“主语+have”结构替换There be结构。如:

a. There are five windows in the room.→This room has five windows.

b. There is a book in my hand.→I have a book in my hand.

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