APP下载

试论篇章词汇衔接的模式

2010-08-15

湖北开放大学学报 2010年10期
关键词:例子语篇关联

张 廷

(陇东学院,甘肃 庆阳 745000)

试论篇章词汇衔接的模式

张 廷

(陇东学院,甘肃 庆阳 745000)

本文从衔接的概念与层次入手,探讨了词汇衔接在语篇中的具体表现模式,同时结合实例分析各种模式内的词汇如何实现语义上的关联从而实现语篇连贯。

衔接;词汇衔接;语义

一、导言

《英语中的衔接》一书中将衔接的概念定义为那些组成语篇的非结构性关系。它们是语义关系,语篇是一个语义单位。衔接作为语言学中重要的研究对象随着近年语篇语言学的发展而受到关注。语篇语言学理论不仅强调了句子在语篇中的重要地位,更强调了句子与句在构成段落或语篇时彼此之间的关联。这种关联间的必要性成为研究语篇中衔接的前提。这里要强调的是,衔接的形式特征尽管种类很多,但在语篇中体现的是语义关系。在研究词汇衔接模式的同时,本文也注重衔接词汇间的语义分析。

二、衔接的层次及语义本质

依照词汇衔接理论,衔接的意义蕴涵于语篇中,通常可以从语法与词汇两方面实现。衔接具体包括照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接。

我国学者胡壮麟在对语篇衔接与连贯的研究中提出语篇衔接的多层次性,超越了语法手段和词汇手段。“多层次模式的最上端是社会符号层,包括语境、语用学。第二层为语义层,除及物性外,还有逻辑连接和语篇结构。第三层为结构层,包括结构衔接和主位结构。第四层为词汇层,有词汇搭配、照应、指称性。最后在音系层有语调、新信息、已知信息及语音型式。”张德禄认为:“衔接的范围也不仅仅局限于所指、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接几个方面。衔接概念是用于解释话语中的语义关系的。那么,任何表达话语中(句子之间)的语义关系的特征都应该看作是衔接特征。另外,在语言的语义系统中有三种意义:概念、人际和谋篇。任何种类的意义之间的联系都应该视为衔接关系,而不能把衔接关系局限于概念意义的联系。”他将衔接机制的范围扩展,体现语义关系的形式机制,语法衔接机制、词汇衔接机制、语音衔接机制都属于此范畴,同时也提出了衔接分为显性衔接与隐性衔接两种类别。本文主要探讨显性衔接机制中的词汇衔接的模式。

三、词汇衔接模式分析

下面以语义关系为参照来简要分析语篇词汇衔接的模式。

1.词汇重复

顾名思义,词汇重复指的是语篇中某一词汇的重复使用。语篇中词汇的重复出现具有明显的衔接功能,其原因在于这类重复词汇可以使语篇前后意义间建立关联。韩礼德和哈桑的观点是重复的语言单位之间之所以彼此相关是因为它们每次出现都表达了基本一致的意义。重复出现的词汇又分为简单词汇重复和复杂词汇重复。来看下面的例子:

Example 1:But teaching offers something besides money and power: It offers love . Not only the loveof learning and of books and ideas, but also the lovethat a teacher feels for that rare student who walks into a teacher's life and begins to breathe. Perhaps loveis the wrong word: magic might be better.

在这个例子中,划线词 love.的四次出现不仅凸显了主题,而且起到语义上的衔接作用。

Example 2: Then a rifle shotcracked out, and the man with the pistol fell to the ground dead. A second shot, and the other man went sprawling. It was Bedell shooting.

Example 3:The committee suggestedthat all sexist language be removed the regulations. If this suggestionis adopted, we shall have to avoid "he”,” his", etc.

在后两个例子中,划线词之间并不是音形意完全相同的词,但它们同时却构成了同源词。这种复杂词汇重复同样可以起到意义关联的作用,并由此达到行文前后连贯的效果。再如其他例子:

Example 2: Certainly I do not teachbecause teachingis easy for me. Teachingis the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted... For me, teachingis a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession.

值得注意的是,同义词属于同一语法范畴,具体地说,属于同一个词类。

2.词汇关联

词汇关联指由具有系统语义关系的词汇同现所构成的词汇衔接。按照语义场理论的观点,系统语义关系主要包括同义关系、上下义关系、整体与部分关系和反义关系。下面举例说明:

Example 1:The whole process of being arrested and taken to court was a rather unpleasant experience at the time.. What make it rather disturbing were the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.

在这个例子中,作者使用了unpleasant ,disturbing间的同义关系构成文本内部的衔接,以明确传递作者心态。再如:

Example 3: Only New York, it seems, attracts this peculiar populace of lone and homeless women who live in an isolated, mistrustful world of their own.

值得注意的是,同义关系的词在这里属于同一语法范畴,具体地说,属于同一个词类。

按照通常的解释上下义关系指的是一个成分表达的意义属于另一个成分所包含的意义范围之内,即“A是B的一种”。上义词是个集合概念,下义词相对具体,受上义词支配。如动物是上义词,而其中包括牛、马、羊、狗等等。同时一种语境中的个下义词也可能在另一种语境中成为上意义词。如牛之中还可包含奶牛、耕牛、公牛、母牛等。下义词的词域更具体,对于上义词来说可以起到限定的作用,而下义词的使用则可使上义词的概括概念变得具体形象。从这个角度,它们间语义的联系实现了语篇中的衔接。如下面的例子:

Example 1:I took the young Irish setterfor a walk up the road and along a frozen creek. but it was difficult to stand or walk on the glassy surface and the red dog slipped and slithered.

再如:

Example 2: A few months after we'd sold the motel, Mother arrived home with a used typewriter... At dinner that night I pronounced the machine a "piece of junk".

Example 3: He had been checking a farmhouse half a mile a way from the Van Metre home, a farmhouse he thought was empty. To Bettie Van Metre this man was not an enemy but rather a suffering human being. She gave him water and tried to clean his terrible wounds.

整体与部分关系与上下义词的差别在于两个词汇之间的关系表达为整体与部分,即A是B的一个组成部分,而不是独立的一个种类。如:

Example1:Their heads and breastswere covered with a thick hair, some frizzled, and others lank; they had beardslike goats, and a long ridge of hairdown their backsand the fore-parts of their legs and feet; but the rest of their bodieswere bare, so that I might see their skins, which are of a brown buff color.

此例子中出现的身体各个部位的名称与身体构成整体与部分的关系,由此语义关系形成词汇衔接。

反义关系表示两个词汇的意义相反。这种关系的词汇也具有语篇内的衔接功能,反义关系词汇的具体界定往往会受认知与文化心理的影响,但其功能与同义词相似。如:

Example1: And if Americans lack style it is partly because they have been taught for a generation that good writing is clear writing, which is true, and that clear writing must be excellent writing, which is false.

3.词汇搭配

词汇搭配指的是“词项之间习惯性共现”的关系。“搭配词之所以具有篇章街接力在于其在同一语境的同现可能性,同现可能性是它们篇章街接的纽带。”(2002:94)在词汇搭配中,有些是以语义为标准进行配,有些则以语言形式为标准进行搭配。其中,以意义相关的组合搭配使用最为广泛。这是一种侧重词义组合的搭配形式。如:

Example1: But neither the nursery nor the motel my parents bought later had provided enough income to send my sister and me to college...Time was running out and Mother was frantic for ways to save money.

这里的income与 money“词项之间习惯性共现”的关系,也就是它们之间又着紧密的语义联系,很容易让读者联想到彼此,从这个意义上它们的使用实现了词汇搭配上的语篇内衔接。.类似的例子如:

Example 2: Bettie held him, tears streaming down her face,with Henry Befell standing by on his crutches, wept, two.

Example 3:I wanted to conduct my own defenses in court, but as soon as my father found out what had happened, he hired a very good solicitor. We went along that Monday armed with all kinds of witnesses, including my English teacher as a character witness.

随着词汇衔接理论的发展,词汇衔接模式的语义研究与其他形式的研究将会不断深入。本文所讨论的词汇衔接模式对于教学有所帮助,尤其是在语篇教学与阅读写作教学中具有一定的实际意义。

[1] 胡壮麟. 语篇的衔接与连贯[M]. 上海外语教育出版社,1994.

[2] 刘辰诞. 教学篇章语台学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社,1999.

[3] 刘晓云. 衔接理论研究综述[J]. 湖南师范学报,2006,4.

Brief anlaysis on Lexical Cohension in the text

ZHANG Ting

The paper started from the concept and levels of syntaxis to elaborate lexical cohension’s practical expressive modes in discourse, then combined with practical examples to analyze the way of vocabulary in different modes realizing semantic connection and coherence in discourse.

syntaxis; lexical cohension; semantic

H03

A

1008-7427(2010)10-0111-02

2010-07-28

作者系陇东学院英语系讲师。

猜你喜欢

例子语篇关联
不惧于新,不困于形——一道函数“关联”题的剖析与拓展
新闻语篇中被动化的认知话语分析
《团圆之后》:“戏改”的“一个鲜明的例子”
“一带一路”递进,关联民生更紧
奇趣搭配
智趣
缩宫素联合米索前列醇防治90例子宫收缩乏力性产后出血临床观察
从语篇构建与回指解决看语篇话题
语篇特征探析
商界求生