同源异义形容词浅析
2010-08-15刘静娜
刘静娜
(常州工学院外国语学院,江苏常州 213000)
同源异义形容词浅析
刘静娜
(常州工学院外国语学院,江苏常州 213000)
英语词汇中有为数不少的同源异义形容词,给初学者造成了一定的难度,要正确理解、运用它们,关键是认识其结构,即词源和词缀。我们认出了其相同的词源和不同的词缀,就不难区分其词义,就能正确运用。本文就此类词以字母为序,搜集了二十六字母的前10个字母的10组对比词例。
形容词;同源异义;辨异
大学英语 (精读)第二册出现了单词skilled/skillful,两词分别为词源skill加上后缀-ed/-ful所构成的形容词,词义分别为:有技能的;需要技能的/有技能的;显示技能的。此类词在英语中被称为同源异义形容词,这也是学生平时学习或应试中遇到的难点。笔者从教学中体会到要正确掌握此类词,不仅要辨析其中文翻译,更要辨析其英文定义,最终从语境中得以体会。现将笔者搜集到的10组同源异义形容词辨异如下。
1. applicable/applied
applicable: suitable for or relating directly to a particular person or situation适用的;合适的
applied:able to be used in a practical way应用的;实用的
例如:A.This rule is not applicable to foreigners.
这条规则不适用于外国人。
B.applied chemistry应用化学;
applied art实用美术
2. brutal/brutish
brutal:rough;cruel粗暴的;残忍的
brutish:very cruel野蛮的;残忍的
例如:A.a brutal murder狠毒的谋杀
B.Their life is nasty,brutish and short.他们活得庸俗,野蛮而且简慢无礼。
3. comprehensible/comprehensive
comprehensible:that can be understood fully
可充分了解的
comprehensive:that comprehends much,including everything包罗广泛的,综合性的
例如:A.You often find a writer’s books more comprehensible if you know about his life.
如果了解一个作家的生平,那就更容易看懂他的书。
B.The government gave a comprehensive explanation of its plans for industrial development.政府就其工业发展计划作了全面的解释。
4.detachable/detached
detachable:able to be detached可拆开的
detached:standing etc.apart or by itself分离的
例如:A.That coat has a detachable lining.
那件外衣的衬里可拆开。
B.He lives in a detached house.
他住在一所孤立的房屋中。
5. enviable/envious
enviable:making you wish you had something or could do something令人羡慕的
envious:wishing that you had someone else’s qualities or possessions羡慕的
例如:A.He has a very enviable position in society.
他在社会上的地位令人羡慕。
B.She was envious of his sister’s new job.
她羡慕姐姐的那份新工作。
6.favorable/favorite
favorable:pleasing令人高兴的
favorite:liked more than all other ones of its kind最喜爱的
例如:A.Tryandmakeafavorableimpressiononmy mother.要尽量给我母亲留下良好印象。
B.What’syourfavoritetelevisionprogramme?
你最喜欢看的电视节目是什么?
7. graceful/gracious
graceful:attractively and effortlessly smooth in movement(动作)优美的,优雅的
gracious:polite,kind,and pleasant,especially in a generous way有礼貌的,和善的
例如:A.a graceful dancer动作优美的舞蹈演员
B.Lord Watchet was gracious enough to show us around his beautiful home.沃奇勋爵亲切地带着我们参观了他的房子。
8. historic/historical
historic:important in history具有历史意义的
historical:concerning events that really happened
or people that really existed in the past历史的,历史上的
例如:A.a historic occasion具有历史意义的场合
historic building具有历史意义的建筑物
B.WecannotbesurewhetherKingArthurwas a historical figure.我们不敢肯定亚瑟王是否一个历史人物。
9.incredible/incredulous
incredible:not credible,impossible to believe不能相信的,难以置信的
incredulous: showing that a person does not believe something,not believing what is said,heard,etc.不相信的,表示怀疑的
例如:A:It’s incredible to think that he got the job without qualifications.很难想到他没有任何资格证书,就得到了这份工作。
B.If they look incredulous,show them the evidence.他们如有不信的态度,把证据给他们看。
10.jocose/jocular
jocose:humorous,playful诙谐的,开玩笑的
jocular:cheerful and amusing高兴的,可笑的
例如:This is no jocose matter.这不是开玩笑的事。
He was in a jocular mood.
他心情很轻松愉快。
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张其春,蔡文萦(1979).简明英汉词典[M].北京:商务印书馆。