基于生物防治的西花蓟马治理及思考

徐学农,王恩东

(农业部生物防治重点开放实验室中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京 100193)

西花蓟马 Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera：Thripidae)是世界性的果蔬和园艺作物上的大害虫。它原产美国,60年代以前主要分布于美国西部,70、80年代在北美迅速扩散、蔓延至全美和加拿大。1983年在荷兰发现,以后差不多每年向外蔓延 200～250 km,在不到十年的时间里就蔓延到整个欧洲 (Kirk and Terry,2003)。其扩散蔓延十分迅速,现广泛分布于世界五大洲。2003年在我国北京首次发现 (张友军等,2003),以后又进一步在北京多个区县及云南等地发现,并有进一步扩散蔓延的趋势。

西花蓟马寄主广,在 250多种植物上发现。除直接锉吸危害外,还可传播多种植物病毒病,如番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)和风仙花坏死斑病毒(impatiens necrotic spot virus INSV),对多种作物生产造成了巨大的危害 (Nagata and Peters,2001;Ullman et al.,2002)。各国纷纷寻找各种防治办法以期解决其治理问题。

化学防治西花蓟马相当困难。西花蓟马个体微小,成虫只有 2～3 mm,生活隐蔽,繁殖快,变异大,对农药产生抗性快,就目前所知,西花蓟马对几乎所有用于防治它的化学农药都产生了抗性(Gillespie,1989;Brødsgaard,1994;Zhao et al.,1995;Herron and James,2005)。也正是抗性的产生,部分导致了西花蓟马在世界上的扩散蔓延(Kirk and Terry,2003)。随着贸易的频繁,抗性品系的西花蓟马到达一个地方后会很快形成种群。另一方面,由于其生活史中老熟幼虫化蛹和羽化都是在土壤中进行(Palmer,1989;Helyer et al.,1995;Berndt et al.,2004),也增加了西花蓟马化学防治的困难。西花蓟马主要危害蔬菜和花卉,这些作物产品品质与人民生活质量密切相关,从食品的安全性上考量,化学农药在西花蓟马的防治上也应大大减少。

基于上述的原因,也从西花蓟马在欧美的防治历史来看,生物防治在西花蓟马的综合治理中占着越来越重要的位置。西花蓟马的生物防治作用物主要有捕食螨、小花蝽、线虫、捕食性蓟马、昆虫寄生真菌、植物性杀虫剂及抗生素类药剂。这些天敌和生物药剂,或防治西花蓟马的地上虫态,即成虫、卵或若虫,或防治地下虫态预蛹和蛹,或联合使用同时防治地上和地下虫态,这些措施在西花蓟马的生物防治中发挥了积极作用。

1 单独使用

1.1 捕食螨类

控制西花蓟马的地上与地下虫态均有不同类群的捕食螨。用于控制地下生活阶段的捕食螨有尖狭下盾螨 Hypoaspis aculeife和兵下盾螨 H.miles(Gillespie and Quiring,1990;Brødsgaard et al.,1996;徐学农等,2005)。这两种捕食螨也常被用来防治蕈蚊 (Enkegaard et al.,1997;Jess and Kilpatrick,2000)和根螨(Lesna et al.,1996,2000)。

用于防治西花蓟马地上生活阶段的捕食螨主要来自新小绥螨属 Neoseiulus、钝绥螨属 Amblyseius和伊绥螨属Iphiseius,其中有胡瓜新小绥螨 [又名黄瓜钝绥螨、胡瓜钝绥螨,Neoseiulus(Amblyseius)cucumeris]、巴氏钝绥螨 A.barkeri、A.hibisci、A.limonicus和不纯伊绥螨 Iphiseius degenerans,但最常用的还是胡瓜新小绥螨。

新小绥螨属和钝绥螨属的一些捕食螨自上世纪 80年代初被大量饲养用来防治蓟马(Ramakers and van Leiburg,1992)。90年代初,随着胡瓜新小绥螨在短日照下的不滞育品系的发现(Morewood and Gilkeson,1991;van Houten and van Stratum,1993;van Houten et al.,1995),使之成为世界上诸多天敌公司的重要产品之一。2005年底,荷兰 Koppert公司开发出来的一种新的捕食螨——斯氏钝绥螨 Amblyseius swirskii,主要用于防治温室粉虱,但对西花蓟马也有一定防效。捕食螨在多种作物如花卉(Hessein and Parrella,1990;De Courcy Williams,1993,2001),甜椒 (Ramakers,1987;Altena and Ravensberg,1990)、黄瓜 (Gillespie,1989;Jacobson et al.,2001b)、西红柿 (Shipp and Wang,2003)等上可较有效地防治西花蓟马。

捕食螨的释放方式：(1)撒放式(sprinkling method)。通过人工或机械方式把捕食螨(产品包装中通常还包括捕食螨的饲料粉螨和作为粉螨饲料的麸皮)撒到植物上。撒放式的缺点是费工费时,且大量的捕食螨并没有落到植物叶片上。(2)缓释式(control release sachet或 controlled release system,即 CRS,或 amblyseius breeding system,即ABS)。把捕食螨、粉螨和麸皮包装在缓释袋中,形成一个自繁育系统,挂放到田间后,捕食螨会从缓释袋中不断地逸出。考虑到捕食螨的扩散能力有限,释放方式已由早期的每 3株挂 1袋(Bennison and Jacobson,1991),发展到后来的每株挂一袋(Sampson,1998;Jacobson et al.,2001b)。无论上述何种释放方式,要注意随捕食螨同时释放出的粉螨在高密度和环境潮湿时对一些作物可能造成一定的危害(参见 BIOBEST生物公司的技术手册)。

利用捕食螨防治西花蓟马,其优势在于捕食螨易大量生产,成本低 (Ramakers and van Leiburg,1982;Gillespie and Ramey,1988)。但不足在于：1)植绥螨的个体均较小,通常只能取食西花蓟马初孵若虫,对第 2龄后的虫态基本没有作用(Gillespie and Ramey,1988;van der Hoeven and van Rijn,1990),释放过迟会导致防治的失败(Jacobcon,1995;Shipp and Wang,2003);2)西花蓟马第 2龄若虫甚至可以取食其天敌捕食螨如不纯伊绥螨(Faraji et al.,2001,2002)和胡瓜新小绥螨(Xu,2004)的卵,使捕食螨难以建立种群,尤其是西花蓟马种群密度大时;3)多数捕食螨的卵对低湿十分敏感,低湿造成大量卵的死亡。胡瓜新小绥螨在20℃、60%的相对湿度下其卵的孵化率仅有 21.6%(De Courcy Williams et al.,2004);4)有些作物的特性可能影响到释放捕食螨的有效性。黄瓜上由于没有充足的花粉可能影响到胡瓜新小绥螨种群的建立(Ramakers et al.,1989;Bennison et al.,1990)。van Houten等 (1995)和 van Driesche等(2006)认为胡瓜新小绥螨尤其在释放量不是很大时,在黄瓜和凤仙花属植物上不是西花蓟马十分有效的捕食者;5)土壤生物群落的复杂性,影响到土壤中使用的多食性捕食螨的有效性。Wiethoff等(2004)在温室土壤中释放尖狭下盾螨,认为它不能有效地抑制黄瓜上西花蓟马的种群,是由于土壤中其它生物如线虫、跳虫等也是下盾螨的食料,干扰了下盾螨对西花蓟马的取食。

1.2 捕食蝽类

用于西花蓟马防治的捕食性蝽主要种类有 Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner,Macrolophus pygmaeus(Rambur)和一些小花蝽属 Orius天敌。

Castane等 (1996)试验了释放 D.tamaninii防治黄瓜上的西花蓟马。当西花蓟马在高密度发生时 (每叶 5头西花蓟马成虫),以3：10益害比释放D.tamaninii的高龄幼虫,可显著地把西花蓟马的种群压制在经济危害水平以下。

小花蝽属天敌包括 Orius albidipennis Reuter、O.niger(Wolff)、O.minutus L.、O.majusculus(Reuter)、O.laevigatus(Fieber)、O.insidiosus(Say)和东亚小花蝽 O.sauteri(Poppius)(Blaeser et al.,2004;张安盛等,2007a,2007b)。这些天敌被广泛应用于温室多种作物如甜椒(van den Meiracker and Ramakers,1991;Chambers et al.,1993;Dissevelt et al.,1995;Tavella et al.,1996;Sanchez et al.,1997,2000;Funderburk et al.,2000;Deligeorgidis,2002;Bosco et al.,2008)、黄瓜 (Trottin-Caudal et al.,1991;Ravensberg et al.,1992)、豆类 (徐学农等,2005;Xu et al.,2006)、草莓(Frescata and Mexia,1996)、向日葵 (Chyzik and Klein,1995)、菊花(Brødsgaard and Enkegaard,1997)等 上 蓟 马 的防治。

小花蝽是多食性昆虫,可取食蓟马、叶螨、昆虫卵、蚜虫以及小的鳞翅目昆虫幼虫。蓟马是小花蝽的主要猎物,多猎物共存时对维持小花蝽种群有一定的积极意义。虽然叶螨也是小花蝽重要的猎物之一,但通常不至于影响到小花蝽对西花蓟马防治的有效性(Xu et al.,2006)。西花蓟马的密度影响到小花蝽的防治有效性,低密度时必须要有其它的猎物存在,否则小花蝽有离开植物的倾向 (Ramakers and Meiracker,1991)。有些植物的特性同样会影响到小花蝽的防治功效。Coll and Ridgway(1995)的结果显示 O.insidiosus在番茄上的搜索没有在豆类和甜椒上有效,认为番茄分泌粘液的腺毛影响了小花蝽的活动;Shipp and Wang(2003)也发现这种小花蝽在番茄上的效果不好。每 2周一次,每次每株释放 10头小花蝽成虫并不能将西花蓟马种群压低到经济阈值以下。

捕食性蝽类最大的问题是对多种农药非常敏感。M.pygmaeus对杀虫剂吡虫啉,噻虫啉均非常敏感 (Hillert et al.,2002);小花蝽对多种农药也十分敏感(Shipp et al.,2000;Studebaker and Kring,2003)。

1.3 昆虫寄生线虫类

抑制蓟马种群的线虫有 2大类,其寄生方式不一致。一类为不直接杀死蓟马,而是导致其不育,如 Thripinema nicklewoodi Siddiqi(Tylenchida：Allantonematidae)(Wilson and Cooley,1972;Lim et al.,2001;Arthurs an Heinz,2003;Lim and van Driesche,2005);另一类为直接杀死蓟马,如斯氏线虫属和异小杆线虫属,如嗜菌异小杆线虫 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar(Rhabditida：Heterorhabditidae)的一些线虫(Helyer et al.,1995)。前一类线虫在土壤中不能传播,但可在植物上传播(Mason and Heinz,2002),而后者可寄生生活于土壤中的西花蓟马蛹。

西花蓟马几乎所有生活阶段均可被 Thripinema nicklewoodi所感染,但各虫态间差异较大。雌蛹最为敏感,雄成虫最不敏感。线虫在寄主体外仅能生活 7～86 h(Mason and Heinz,2002)。平均每头被侵染的西花蓟马成虫每天可产 21.4头线虫,雌雄比为 6：1。通过解剖发现,雌虫体内有更多的线虫。第 2代线虫在雌虫体内有 192.6头,而在雄虫体内仅有 93.7头。当 50头健康的 1龄幼虫和 4头被感染的成虫置于一片豆叶上时,到达成虫阶段的西花蓟马有 75.3%的被寄生率(Lim et al.,2001)。T.nicklewoodi在笼罩凤仙花属植物上可减少西花蓟马 79%的种群数量 (Lim and van Driesche,2004)。Arthurs and Heinz(2006)认为,由于相对比较差的扩散能力以及杀死寄主的速度比较慢,使 T.nicklewoodi在温室中的盆栽菊花上低剂量使用时很难在一个作物生产季节发挥作用。但如果蓟马的密度比较低,T.nicklewoodi在一个较长的时间里还是可以压制蓟马种群。寄生并繁殖至西花蓟马第 9代时,能减少 87.4%的西花蓟马种群。

Ebssa et al.(2001)使用高浓度的斯氏线虫和异小杆线虫,在西花蓟马 1个世代内就降低了其70%的种群。

线虫在高剂量使用及环境条件比较适合时,才能取得比较好的防治效果(Arthurs and Heinz,2006)。低的传播率,要求高的释放率,从而导致释放使用成本过高,限制了线虫的使用。

1.4 捕食性蓟马

捕食西花蓟马的蓟马来自凶蓟马属,有 Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen(Thysanoptera：Aeolothripidae)(Hoddle et al.,2002)和细腰凶蓟马(Franklinothrips vespiformis Crawford)。细腰凶蓟马可以取食西花蓟马的幼虫,Zegula等 (2003)在铁海棠上使用细腰凶蓟马防治西花蓟马。试验条件下,在释放细腰凶蓟马后的 7周内,西花蓟马的数量被压低到每花 1头幼虫,而对照每花有 14头幼虫。

1.5 真菌

白僵菌、绿僵菌和蜡蚧轮枝菌均能不同程度地控制或抑制西花蓟马种群的增长。

Ugine等 (2005a,2005b)室内测定了球孢白僵菌 Beauveria bassiana(Balsamo)对西花蓟马的致病力。球孢白僵菌的 GHA品系在很低的剂量时也表现出高效性。Murphy等 (1998)试验曾证实,球孢白僵菌的 GHA品系,可以有效地控制温室花卉作物上的西花蓟马。Gill等 (1998)报道每周使用BotaniGard(球孢白僵菌的一个商品名)可以完全控制温室中菊花上的西花蓟马。Jacobson等(2001a)在温室黄瓜上试验了2个球孢白僵菌产品,即 Naturalis-L和 BotaniGard可湿性粉剂,可降低 65%～87%的西花蓟马种群。

熊蜂 Bombus impatiens是温室作物传粉的一个常用品种。Al-mazra'awi等 (2006)研究了在温室中释放携带球孢白僵菌孢子的熊蜂感染西花蓟马,两次调查中的西花蓟马平均感染率分别达到 40%和 34%。球孢白僵菌加昆虫引诱剂没有增加对西花蓟马的控制作用(Ludwig and Oetting,2002)。

金龟子绿僵菌 Metarhizium anisopliae对菊花上西花蓟马控制作用明显 (Brownbridge,1995;Maniania et al.,2002)。接种后 7 d可导致至少 94%的成虫死亡率。幼虫对真菌浸染没有成虫敏感,可能由于幼虫在脱皮时将尚未侵入的病菌也一同脱去(Vestergaard,1995);Azaizeh等 (2002)在 3个连续季节里在温室条件下研究了利用金龟子绿僵菌一个品系 Metarhizium anisopliae-7(M.a-7)(一个以色列本土种)防治黄瓜上西花蓟马。M.a-7能有效在压制西花蓟马的种群增长,尤其是在西花蓟马起始密度低到中等时;Ansari等 (2007)在 5种泥炭土及泥炭土的替代生长介质中(泥炭、椰壳纤维、树枝、泥炭和 10%及 20%的绿色植物堆肥)试验了金龟子绿僵菌 V275品系防治西花蓟马蛹,能减少 70%～90%的蛹的羽化。

一些研究利用蜡蚧轮枝菌 Verticillium lecani来防治西花蓟马 (Ravensberg et al.,1990;Helyer,1993)。van der Schaaf等(1990)报道每周喷雾蜡蚧轮枝菌的可湿性粉剂可导致黄瓜上西花蓟马 60%的感染率。

1.6 植物性杀虫剂

Thöming等 (2003)在土壤中使用印楝素使豆株通过吸收获得系统毒性,对西花蓟马的地上活动虫态和土壤中的蛹均有一定的毒杀作用。

但已有报道称,印楝素对西花蓟马的一些天敌如胡瓜新小绥螨、小花蝽 Orius majusculus(Reuter)(Spollen and Isman,1996;Drescher and Madel,1997)及捕食性蝽 M.pygmaeus(Hillert et al.,2002)有副作用。

1.7 抗生素类

阿维菌素与多杀菌素是目前用来防治西花蓟马较多的微生物源杀虫剂。

阿维菌素(abamectin,avermectin)在智利多种蔬菜上防治西花蓟马很有效(Gonzales and Barria,2001)。多杀菌素(Spinosad)对多种植物如凤仙花属植物 (van Driesche et al.,2006)和菊花(Warnock and Cloyd,2005)上发生的西花蓟马均十分有效。Funderburk等 (2000)试验证明,多杀菌素比通常的广谱性农药更有效地控制西花蓟马,部分因为多杀菌素不会像通常杀虫剂那样大量降低小花蝽 O.insidiosus种群数量(Funderburk et al.,2000)。

阿维菌素和多杀菌素对天敌可能产生不同的毒害作用。Shipp等(2000)在实验室内测定了阿维菌素(Avermectin b1)对西花蓟马天敌的残留毒性。当不纯伊绥螨和小花蝽 Orius insidiosus暴露于Avermectin b1低于 6 d的残留时,仍有高于 85%的死亡率,但 6 d后残留毒性迅速降低,对小花蝽的毒性降低到死亡率低于 25%。而同样的情况下对胡瓜新小绥螨的毒性低。刘慧娟等(2007)的研究没有发现用于防治西花蓟马的亚致死剂量的阿维菌素对胡瓜新小绥螨有负作用。多杀菌素对胡瓜新小绥螨低毒,对小花蝽 O.insidiosus中等毒性(Jones et al.,2005)。 Herron and James(2005)发现西花蓟马对多杀菌素产生了抗性,但对阿维菌素没有产生抗性。

2 联合使用

单独使用某种天敌或生物杀虫剂,其效能有时十分有限。因此,近年来,利用多天敌联合释放或天敌与生物杀虫剂联合使用来防治西花蓟马占据了越来越重要的地位。其中,捕食螨与其它的生物防治因子联合使用的居多。

2.1 捕食螨与小花蝽

徐学农等(2005)研究了联合释放尖狭下盾螨与小花蝽 O.insidiosus防治菜豆上的西花蓟马。在几乎所有的实验密度下,联合比单独释放显著地压低了西花蓟马的种群密度。

2.2 捕食螨与线虫

Premachandra等 (2003)利用尖狭下盾螨与昆虫寄生线虫 -嗜菌异小杆线虫 (HK3品系)或芫菁夜蛾斯氏线虫(Nemaplus,SFN)联合防治土壤中的西花蓟马蛹。单独使用时,尖狭下盾螨能减少 46%的西花蓟马羽化率,而 SFN和 HK3分别能减少46%和 61%的西花蓟马羽化率。联合使用时,可减少 71%～82%西花蓟马成虫羽化率。

Ebssa等 (2006)在温室和人工气候室里试验了释放嗜菌异小杆线虫 (或 H.indica)和/或胡瓜新小绥螨防治豆株上的西花蓟马。联合释放可压低 83%的蓟马种群密度,比两者中的任何一个都显著提高了防效。

2.3 植物上捕食螨与地表自由活动捕食螨

Wiethoff等 (2004)利用胡瓜新小绥螨和尖狭下盾螨联合使用防治温室中黄瓜上的西花蓟马,但联合释放时对西花蓟马的防治效果并不比单独释放胡瓜新小绥螨的强多少。

然而,徐学农等(2005)研究了联合释放胡瓜新小绥螨与尖狭下盾螨防治菜豆 Phaseolus vulgaris上西花蓟马,发现其联合防治效果要显著高于两者单独防治效果。在3个密度的尖狭下盾螨的和 2个密度的胡瓜新小绥螨共 6种组合中,仅 1组与高密度的捕食螨防效相近,其它 5组防效均显著地高于两种捕食螨单独防治的效果。

2.4 捕食螨与昆虫寄生真菌

Jacobson等 (2001a)在实验室和温室环境中研究了球孢白僵菌 (Naturalis-L)与胡瓜新小绥螨防治黄瓜上西花蓟马的兼容性。在温室黄瓜上预防性释放胡瓜新小绥螨阻止了西花蓟马种群的增长。Naturalis-L喷雾到温室黄瓜上或室内生测的黄瓜叶片上对胡瓜新小绥螨都没有伤害。球孢白僵菌可作为第二道防线用于胡瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的预防性治理中。

2.5 捕食螨与植物活性杀虫剂

Schmid and Guyer(2004)联合使用印楝素、胡瓜新小绥螨及兵下盾螨防治西花蓟马。试验中,在8 d的间隔中分别在植物上和土壤中 2次使用了印楝素,在第 2次施用后的第 4 d释放了 2种捕食螨。21周后,西花蓟马几近灭绝。

2.6 捕食性天敌与微生物源农药

Ludwig and Oetting(2001)在养虫笼中试验了小花蝽 Orius insidiosus与多杀菌素配合使用。在小花蝽释放 2周和 4周后使用多杀菌素,很好地压制了西花蓟马的种群数量。

3 讨论与建议

3.1 多天敌联合释放或天敌与生物药剂同时使用时的兼容性问题

单独释放某种天敌或生物药剂单独使用时其防治效果通常并不令人满意。为了提高防治效能,常常会同时采用多种生物防治措施。然而,多天敌联合释放可能会出现天敌间的兼性捕食/寄生作用(Intraguild predation-IGP),从而影响到天敌的防治效果。Wittmann and Leather(1997)对同时释放胡瓜新小绥螨与小花蝽 O.laevigatus防治西花蓟马提出了疑问,因为小花蝽在胡瓜新小绥螨和西花蓟马间并没有捕食选择性,对两者的猎食没有显著性差异。Chow等(2008)发现,当同时提供给小花蝽O.insidiosus相同数量的不纯伊绥螨和西花蓟马时,小花蝽捕食更多的不绥伊绥螨。温室试验表明,同时释放小花蝽与不纯伊绥螨并没有强化对西花蓟马的控制,因为两者的控制效果与单用小花蝽的效果相似。然而,Xu(2004)发现,小花蝽 O.insidiosus与胡瓜新小绥螨同时释放时显著地控制了西花蓟马。在西花蓟马与二斑叶螨共发的环境中,随着二斑叶螨与西花蓟马密度的增加,小花蝽对胡瓜新小绥螨的 IGP明显减弱。此外,联合释放地上与地下捕食性天敌,虽然不存在天敌间的 IGP现象,但也可能发生一种天敌对另一种天敌的资源掠夺性竞争,使同时释放的另一天敌并没有起到很好的效果。徐学农等(2005)的研究结果表明,在释放小花蝽 O.insidiosus防治西花蓟马的试验中,同时释放的尖狭下盾螨在多数情况下并没有显著增加对西花蓟马的防治效能。Wiethoff等 (2004)在研究同时释放胡瓜新小绥螨与尖狭下盾螨防治西花蓟马时发现了同样的现象。因此,多天敌释放时,一定要充分研究天敌间的相互关系。天敌间的 IGP、资源掠夺性竞争以及害虫的密度等都会对联合释放天敌的防治效能产生影响。

天敌与生物性药剂同时使用时,注意生物药剂对天敌的负作用,特别是对小花蝽的负作用。

3.2 西花蓟马生物治理上的困境

因为西花蓟马为害的特殊性,主要危害温室及大棚里的蔬菜及花卉等,这些作物的安全与人类健康息息相关,因此,西花蓟马的防治多采用生物防治的方法。从捕食性天敌到寄生性天敌,从动物性天敌到微生物类天敌,再到微生物类代谢物,从地上释放天敌到地下释放天敌,再到联合地上与地下释放天敌,几乎是无所不用其极。然而,西花蓟马仍然是温室蔬菜花卉上的重要害虫,而且从其 70年代自美国发生扩散后,似乎就从来没有停止过向外蔓延的“脚步”。因此,从根本上说,在解决西花蓟马治理这一世界性的难题上,仅仅依赖生物防治是很难行得通的。甚至在一个较长时间内将其维持在低水平发生都是困难的。防治上的稍微疏忽就会导致西花蓟马发生的迅速“抬头”。此外,西花蓟马可传播植物病毒病,当温室有 TSWV和 INSV时,生物防治不应该使用 (Matteoni,1995)。而化学防治在温室这样特殊的种植生境中又一再受到限制。因此,采取以生物防治为主体的综合治理方法,协调使用多种措施,是更好的选择。生物防治措施的使用,一方面减少了农药对生物安全的威胁,另一方面,也可作为减少西花蓟马对化学农药抗性产生的办法之一(van Driesche et al.,2006;Ansari et al.,2007)。

3.3 中国西花蓟马的治理

西花蓟马近年侵入中国,已在北京、云南等地发现,并有在中国进一步扩散蔓延的趋势。国内对其适生性(戴霖等,2004)及风险性(杜予洲等,2005)进行了分析,认为在大多地区具有发生的可能性,而且,具有高风险性。如何对这一入侵害虫进行有效的控制,是中国害虫治理专家面临的一个新的重要课题。从综合治理的角度出发,应首先积极寻找天敌昆虫(或捕食螨)及病原微生物,或从国外引进,或发掘出国内自有的本土种类。目前正在研究的一些捕食螨、东亚小花蝽和南方小花蝽等都是非常值得期待的天敌品种,白僵菌和绿僵菌等微生物类天敌也值得关注。此外,也应积极并尽快筛选出植物源农药以及高效低毒低残留的化学农药,研发西花蓟马性诱剂等,与生物防治作用物一道,采取综合治理的方法,尽最大可能把西花蓟马的控制在低水平发生状态。

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