定语从句

野新玉

定语从句,又名形容词性从句,共分为两大类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as或关系副词when, where, why等引导。

定语从句的关联词之所以命名为关系词, 是因为它关系到先行词, 也关系到定语从句, 在中间起重要的桥梁作用, 关系代词代替先行词, 同时在定语从句中作主语或宾语（whose作定语）; 关系副词相当于“介词+先行词”, 同时在定语从句中作状语。

一、两类定语从句的区别：

All the books that have pictures have been sent to them.

所有有插图的书都给他们寄去了。（言外之意, 没有插图的书就没给他们寄。）

All the books, which have pictures, have been sent to them.

所有的书都给他们寄去了, 所有的书都有插图。

He has a brother who is a doctor.

他有一个当医生的哥哥。（不一个）

He has a brother, who is a doctor.

他有一个哥哥, 是个医生。（仅一个）

二、关系代词和关系副词的用法列举：

三、几组关系代词的用法区别：

1. 当先行词指人时, 许多情况下既可用that也可用who,但在下列情况下, 用who不用that:

2. 当先行词指物时,许多情况下既可用that也可用which,但下列情况下, 用that不用which:

3. 关系代词which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别：

（1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句的前后皆可, which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于句末, as从句与主句多为并列关系, which从句与主句常为因果关系。

The pupil didnt finish his homework, which cost him the chance to join in the game. 这个学生没完成作业, 这使他丧失了参加比赛的机会。

As is known to all, Edison invented the electric light.

=Edison invented the electric light, as is known to all.

众所周知, 爱迪生发明了电灯。

（2）as引导的限制性定语常用的固定搭配有：

such…as…; the same as…; such as…

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

(as作主语)我们已找到了他们厂用的那种材料。

Such people as you describe are thought to be fools nowadays.

(as作宾语)像你描绘的那种人现在被看作是傻瓜。

After years of life in prison, he is not the same as he was.

(as作表语)经过几年的牢狱生活, 他和过去不同了。

四、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

介词+关系代词引导定语从句时, 介词的宾语只能是which或whom。

1. 当介词位于关系代词的前面时, 关系代词which或whom不能省略;当介词位于关系代词的后面时, 关系代词which或whom可以省略。

Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut, is the hero of whom we are proud.

Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut, is the hero(whom) we are proud of.

杨利伟,中国首位航天英雄,是我们引以为自豪的英雄。

I can not find the pen with which I usually write.

I can not find the pen(which) I usually write with.

2. 复合介词短语+关系代词 which 或whom 引导定语从句时, 定语从句常与主句用逗号隔开, 且用倒装语序。

He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

他住在一所大房子里, 房子前面有一颗又大又高的树。

五、定语从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致:

I who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.

我, 是你的老师, 会尽力帮你的。

To own a color TV set in each family, which we thought impossible twenty years ago, now becomes true. 家家有彩色电视机, 这在20年前被认为是不可能的, 现在已成为事实。

Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about? 你听说过正在被讨论的人和事吗？

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 长城是世界著名的吸引游客的建筑之一。

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 长城是在月球上能看到的唯一的地球建筑物。