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新目标英语九年级重点句讲解(Units 10~12)

2008-12-01吴志强刘世一

中学英语园地·教学指导版 2008年11期
关键词:冠词动名词及物动词

吴志强 刘世一

Unit 10

1. When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at home. (P77) 我到了学校,发现把书包落在家里了。

Have you ever forgotten to bring your homework to school? (P78) 你是否曾经忘记将作业带到学校了呢?

以上两句中的leave与forget都有“忘”的意思,但它们之间有以下区别:

(1) leave主要用于将某物“遗忘”在某个地方。例如:

When I went back home I suddenly found I had left my bicycle in front of our school library. 我回家时,突然发现自己把自行车落在学校图书馆前面了。

Tony could not come into his office because he had left his keys in his lab. 托尼进不了办公室,因为他把钥匙忘在实验室里了。

(2) forget意为“忘记”。例如:

I forget his name. 我想不起他的名字了。

I forgot to bring my dictionary with me. I left it at home. 我忘记带词典了,我把它丢在家里了

注意: forget后接动词不定式时,表示“忘记要做某事”(动词不定式所表示的动作尚未发生);后接动名词时,表示“忘记已经做过或发生过某事”(动名词所表示的动作已经发生)。试比较:

I forgot to tell her the news. 我忘记把这个消息告诉她了。

I forgot telling her the news. 我忘了曾告诉过她这个消息。

2. My alarm clock didn't go off, and by the time I woke up, my father had already gone into the bathroom and I had to wait for him to come out. (P78) 我的闹钟坏了,因此等我醒来的时候,我父亲已经进去洗澡了,我只好等他出来。

(1) go off意为“发出声音”,句中didn't go off是“闹钟没有响”的意思。例如:

The thieves ran away when the burglar alarm went off. 防盗警报器一响,窃贼立刻逃走了。

The signal pistol went off with a bang. 信号枪砰地一声响了。

(2) by the time相当于连词when或as, 意思是“到……时候”、“到……之前”。该短语后跟谓语动词为一般过去时的从句,主句的谓语动词常为过去完成时。例如:

By the time he was ten, he had built a chemistry lab himself. 在他十岁的时候,就自己建了一个化学实验室。

By the time I got to the cinema, the film had already been on for 10 minutes. 在我到达电影院时,电影已经上映10分钟了。

(3) wait for后接人或事物时,表示“等候某人或事”的到来。如果表示“等候某人做某事”,用wait for sb to do sth。 例如:

There is a Wang waiting for you at the gate. 有个姓王的人在大门口等你。

I'm waiting for James to arrive. 我正等候詹姆斯的到来。

3. When I got to school, the final bell was ringing. I only just made it to my class. (P78) 我到学校的时候,上课铃正在响。我刚好正点赶上上课时间。

(1) 学生上课时,通常要打两遍铃。第一遍叫first bell, 即预备铃;第二遍叫second bell或final bell, 即上课铃。

(2) made it在这里表示“按时到达某地、成功”的意思。例如:

You can make it if you hurry. 如果你快一点的话,就会按时赶到的。

make it是一个惯用语,使用的场合很广泛,其涵义及用法主要有: ① 约定时间或日期; ② 及时到达某地或赶上车船; ③ 做到(某事),成功,达到预期的目的; ④ 战胜个人伤痛、死亡。例如:

—Shall we meet next week? 下星期我们碰一次头好吗?

—Yes, let's make it next Sunday. 好的,让我们约定下周日碰头吧。

You can't make it to the top of the mountain in such bad weather. 天气这么恶劣,你到不了山顶。

After years as an unsuccessful businessman, he's finally made it. 经过生意场上多年的失败,他最终还是成功了。

She's very sick,but that doesn't mean she can't make it. 当然,她的病情十分严重,但那并不意味着疾病就不可战胜。

4. What happened to Dave on April Fool's Day? (P79) 愚人节那天Dave出了什么事?

(1) happen to sb/sth 意为“……发生在某人身上/某事上”。例如:

What happened to the radio? (= What is wrong/the matter/the trouble with the radio?) 收音机怎么样了?

What will happen to the children if Peter and Alice break up? 如果彼得和爱丽丝离婚,他们的孩子怎么办呢?

She hoped nothing bad would happen to him. 她希望不会有坏事发生在他身上。

(2) happen意为“碰巧”,通常用于“happen to do sth或it happens + that从句”。例如:

I happened to have no money with me that day. (= It happened that I had no money with me that day.) 那天我碰巧没带钱。

5. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story and panic set off across the whole country. (P80) Welles的话具有说服力,因此好几百人都相信了他的话,全国处于一片恐慌之中。

(1) so ... that ... 意为“如此……以致……;那样……以致……”, that后面的从句表示结果, so后面常接形容词或副词的原级,有时也可以接名词,但是名词前通常有many, much, few, little等修饰语。例如:

He ran so fast that we couldn't catch up with him. 他跑得太快,我们追不上他。

He had so many falls that he could ride a bike at last. 他摔了很多跤,终于学会了骑车。

so that意为“为了、以便”,引导目的状语从句。 so that也可以引导结果状语从句,但前面一般要用逗号隔开。例如:

Speak clearly so that they can understand you. 你讲清楚些,让他们都能听懂。

She was ill, so that she was unable to go with you. 她病了,不能和你一起去了。

(2) the whole country 意为“全国”,相当于all the country。 两者之间的区别是: all一般位于冠词、物主代词或其他限定词之前,即“all + 限定词 + 单数名词”; whole则位于这些词之后,即“限定词 + whole + 单数名词”。试比较:

All the school is very happy. (= The whole school is very happy.) 全校学生都很开心。

切记:我们可以说all day, 但不能说whole day。

whole与all的后面也可接复数名词。即: “all + 限定词 + 复数名词; the whole of + 复数名词”。试比较:

All the students are busy cleaning the streets. 全体学生都忙于打扫街道。

The whole of the students went to the zoo. 全体学生都去动物园了。

6. He asked her to marry him. She was thrilled, because she really wanted to get married. (P80) 他叫她和他结婚。她感到非常紧张,因为她确实想结婚。

辨析marry和be married:

(1) 动词marry可以用作及物动词或不及物动词。它用作及物动词时,意为“嫁给”、“娶”、“和……结婚”。它用作不及物动词时,意为“结婚”,常有状语修饰。例如:

I'm going to marry John. 我要和约翰结婚了。

She married a man with a lot of money. 她嫁给了一个很有钱的男人。

He married late. 他结婚很晚。

(2) marry是终止性动词,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。试译:

我结婚三年了。

误: I have married for three years.

正: I have been married for three years.

(3) be/get married常用来表示婚姻状况。在这里married指状态。例如:

Is she married? 她结婚了没有?

He didn't get married when I knew him. 我认识他时,他还没有结婚。

My aunt is married, but she has no children. 我的姑姑结婚了,但没有孩子。

(4) marry和be married后面都不能跟介词with, 但be married后面可跟介词to。 例如:

She was married to my cousin. 她和我的表哥结了婚。

Unit 11

1. Excuse me. Can you please tell me where I can get a dictionary? (P86) 对不起,请问我在哪里能买到一部词典呢?

“Excuse me, can you please tell me ...?”是问路时的常用语。句首用excuse me, 目的是要引起对方注意。常用来问路的表达法还有:

Excuse me, is there a bus stop near here? 请问,附近有车站吗?

Excuse me, where's the nearest post office, please? 请问,到最近的邮局怎么走?

Excuse me, which is the way to the supermarket, please? 请问,哪一条是去超市的路?

Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the bus stop? 请问,去车站的路怎么走?

Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the factory? 请问,我怎样才能到达那个工厂呢?

Will you show me the way to the hospital? 请告诉我去医院的路,好吗?

Excuse me, how can I get to the station? 请问,我怎样才能到车站呢?

2. There's always something happening. (P88) 总是要有事情发生。

there be中的主语后面跟非谓语动词时,有下面三种结构模式:

(1) there be + sb/sth + to do sth表示“主语将做某事”。例如:

There will be some Australian students to come to our class. 有几个澳大利亚的学生要到我们班里来。

(2) there be + sb/sth + doing sth意为“有……在做某事”。例如:

My friend said there was a truck collecting rubbish outside. 我的朋友说外面有一辆汽车正在收集垃圾。

There is a student waiting to see you outside the office. 有一个学生在办公室外面等着要见你。

(3) there is + no + doing用于对某一具体行为或抽象概念进行否定。例如:

There is no telling when he will return. 说不清他何时回来。

There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何时我们能再相会。

3. I also like to look at books in the bookstore. (P88) 我也喜欢在书店里看书。

汉语中说的“看书”,既可指“阅读书籍”,也可指“翻看书籍”。但用英语表达就有所不同了。请看:

He looks at that book, takes it down and reads it carefully. 他看了看那本书,然后拿下来,认真地读了起来。

looks at that book与read that book在意义上是完全不同的。 look at that book仅指“看书”,用来表示“看了看”,不是以阅读为目的;而read that book则是指“读了读”书中的内容。

4. Can you tell me where there's a good place to eat? (P89) 你能告诉我哪里有一个吃饭的好地方吗?

句中的to eat是后置定语,用来修饰名词place。 动词不定式作定语时,被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑宾语或其动作发生的地点等。这时需要在不及物动词不定式后加上一适当的介词。但是,如果被修饰的名词是time, moment, place, way等词时,不及物动词不定式后边的介词可省略。试比较:

There is no table to play ping⁃pong on here. 这里没有打乒乓球用的台子。

I can't find a place to sleep. 我找不到一个睡觉的地方。

Some people say the best way to travel is on foot. 有些人说旅行最好的方法是步行。

5. ... and eat at Uncle Bob's. ……在鲍伯叔叔的小店吃饭。

句中Uncle Bob's是名词所有格。在表示店铺、餐馆、某种职业、某人的家时,名词所有格后面的名词常可以被省略。如at the doctor's/at the doctor's clinic在大夫的诊所; at Mr Green's/at Mr Green's home在格林先生家里。再如:

at my aunt's在我姑姑的家里; at her sister's在她姐姐家里;

at Mr Wang's在王先生的家里; at the Kings'在金的家里;

at the chemist's在药店里; at the barber's在理发店里;

at the teachers'在教师办公室里。

【特别提示】在表示店铺、场所及姓氏的名词前,要用定冠词the, 在表示称呼语的名词前,要加物主代词。

Unit 12

1. I guess you should have asked what you were supposed to wear. (P95) 我以为你早就问过要穿什么衣服呢。

(1) 将I guess置于句首,或插在句中,用来暗示对方可能不会同意。例如:

—I don't understand what they are waiting for. 我真弄不懂他们在等什么。

—I guess they're waiting for some more information. 我猜他们在等更多的信息。

(2) should have asked是一个含有情态动词should的虚拟形式,表示“应该已经做了某事”。例如:

He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. 他本应知道这样的事情警察是决不允许的。

I should have bought it if I had enough money. 如果当时我有足够的钱,我会把它买下来的。

She shouldn't have left the hospital so soon. 她不应该这么早就出院(却出院了)的。

2. Spending time with family and friends is very important to us. (P96) 与家人和朋友共度时光对我们非常重要。

在本句中, Spending time with family and friends是动名词短语用作主语。动名词(短语)作主语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如果是并列的动名词(短语)作主语,则谓语动词要用复数形式。动词不定式(短语)作主语时,依同样规则处理。例如:

Reading in bed is not good for your eyes. 在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。

Reading and writing take me a lot of time. 我花了不少时间去读书写字。

To carry too many things is very difficult. (= It's very difficult to carry too many things.) 搬这么多东西很难。

3. In Brazil, you should wipe your mouth with your napkin every time you take a drink. (P97) 在巴西,每当你喝什么时,应该用餐巾擦嘴。

(1) every time相当于一个连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“每当”、“任何时候”,与whenever, each time同义。例如:

Every time/Each time/Whenever I met her, she was studying. 每一次我看见她,她总是在学习。

Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. 每当它想进花园的时候,它就汪汪直叫,直到有人开门才罢休。

(2) 介词with在句中是“用”的意思。 by和in也可表示“用”的意思,但是三者在“用”法上是有区别的。 with表示“用”一件东西、工具; by表示动作行为的方式,即“用”什么手段或“借助”什么交通工具; in表示“用”一种语言或“用”一种原料。试比较:

The guard cut the boot open with a knife. 士兵用一把小刀把靴子割开了。

He made a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。

They are going there by bike. 他们打算骑自行车去那儿。

Can you say it in English? 你会用英文表达这件事吗?

That note is written in pencil. 那张便条是用铅笔写的。

注意: in后面也可以接表示交通工具类的名词,但交通工具前面通常有冠词;而在by之后的这类名词常不带冠词。试比较:

We got to Mount Tai by bus. 我们是乘大巴去泰山的。

He went there in a car. 他是乘小汽车去那儿的。

in后面接表示书写工具的名词与with后接书写工具类名词也有微妙的区别: in后面无冠词,而with后面需有冠词。试比较:

He is writing a letter in pen/with a pen. 他在用钢笔写信。

4. You're not supposed to make noise while eating noodles. (P97) 吃面条的时候你不应该弄出响声来。

eating noodles为现在分词短语,在语法上相当于一个时间状语从句。有时为了突出时间,可在分词前加while, when或after, 这时动作的执行者就是句子的主语。例如:

Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her. 有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时,看见一个小女孩朝她跑过来。

While crossing the street (= While you cross the street), you must be careful. 你横穿马路时,一定要小心。

Tom went into his bedroom after drinking juice (= after he had drunk juice). 汤姆喝了果汁后,走进了卧室。

We left soon after finishing our work (= after we finished our work). 我们一干完活儿就走了。

5. It's even better than I thought it would be. (P98) 它比我预想的还要好。

(1) 此句中主句的时态与从句的时态不一致。从句动词thought是过去时态,指过去的状况,意为“原以为……”。例如:

I thought Michael comes from Canada. 我原以为迈克尔是加拿大人。

I thought you are in Beijing. 我原以为你在北京呢。

(2) even better than ... 意为“甚至于比……更……”, even修饰比较级better, 表示程度。形容词或副词比较级前面还可用far, many, much, by far, still, a lot, no, a (little) bit, rather, (three) times, not any, a great deal等修饰语。例如:

She is far/much better at writin than me. 她写作比我好得多。

Tony has many more story books than Jack. 托尼的故事书比杰克的多得多。

He is a little taller than Danny. 他比丹尼稍高一点。

6. They go out of their way to make me feel at home. (P98) 他们不怕麻烦,让我感觉像在家一样。

(1) go out of the/one's way意为“不怕麻烦”、“特意”。这里的定冠词the可用物主代词替代。表示“特意(不怕麻烦)地做某事”时,可用go out of the/one's way to do sth。 例如:

They go out of their way to think of ways to serve all the passengers. 他们不怕麻烦,想方设法来为所有的旅客服务。

People living in the village went out of their way to help the experts. 村民们特意来帮助这些专家。

(2) make sb feel at home意为“使某人感到宾至如归”。短语分为两部分: make sb do sth意为“让某人做某事”, make后面接省去to的动词不定式作宾语补足语; feel at home意为“宾至如归”,为固定短语。例如:

Father always makes Danny get up early. 父亲总是让丹尼早早地起床。

We'll make all the foreign players feel at home during the Beijing Olympic Games. 北京奥运会期间我们要让所有外国运动员有宾至如归的感觉。

7. As you can imagine, things are really different from the way they are at home. (P98) 你想象得出来,事情和在家就餐时是不同的。

as you can imagine是由as引导的方式状语从句。例如:

As he pointed out, that is nothing less than cheat. 正如他所指出的那样,那只是一个骗局。

Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话赶乘末班公共汽车呢?

The difference, as I see it, is one of method. 照我看来,这是一个方法上的分歧。

8. You can learn it easily by yourselves, and experiment with your own ideas. (P101) 你可以自学,也可以用自己的想法去尝试。

(1) learn sth by oneself意为“自学”,与teach oneself sth同义。例如:

Li Ming began to learn English by himself three years ago. (= Li Ming began to teach himself English three years ago.) 李明三年前就开始自学英语了。

(2) experiment用作动词时为不及物动词,意为“实验”、“试验”,后面通常接介词with或on。 例如:

The scientist experimented with new methods. 这位科学家用新方法进行了实验。

The students often experiments on cats in the lab. 学生们经常在实验室里用猫做实验。

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