高考动词时态题的解题思路与技巧
2008-06-27本刊资料
本刊资料
动词的时态是中学英语教学的重点,也是高考考查的热点。教学大纲所规定的要掌握的八种常用时态出现在高考题中,往往因语境和考查角度的变化而具有很大的灵活性,使考生望而生畏。下面结合高考题例谈谈有关时态题的解题思路和方法。
一、分析题干,抓结构特点
高考题对时态的考查虽具有很大灵活性,但题干中的某些成分往往与所考时态有着密切的联系,这些结构特点是判断时态的可靠依据。
1. 固定句式
在某些句式中,其时态往往是约定俗成的,因此我们可以根据这些句式去判断所需要的时态。例如:
——Do you know our town at all?
——No. This is the first time I ____ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
此题考的是“That/This/It is the first/second…time+that从句”这一固定句式,that从句里面用现在完成时,若将is改为was,则从句用过去完成时。例如:
——Can I join your club?
——You can when you ____ a bit older.
A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got
如果主句表示将来动作(往往用一般将来时、祈使句或情态动词表示),在由when, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句或由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
这提醒考生在平日的学习中要注意积累。类似这样的固定句式还有:It is/has been…since…表示某事发生到现在有多长时间,since从句中动词用过去式;be about to do…when…表示“正要……这时突然……”等。
2. 时间状语
通过时间状语判断时态的题目在高考题中占有一定比例。例如:
Shirley ____ a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
根据时间状语last year和后边的“是否完成”判断,应用过去进行时。例如:
I first met Lisa three years ago. She ____ at a radio at that time.
A. has worked B. was working
C. had been working D. had worked
由时间状语three years ago和at that time判断,此题应用过去进行时。
3. 时态一致原则
(1)两个或两个以上的动词作并列谓语,它们的时态必须一致。例如:
She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive
C. having arrived D. and arrived
arrived与set out为并列谓语,都用过去时。
On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, ____ some bananas and visited her cousin.
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
went, bought和visited为三个并列谓语,均用过去时。
(2)并列的两个句子(有没有并列连词均可)也要求时态一致。例如:
You dont need to describe her. I ____ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
第一个分句用了现在时,第二个分句也应用现在时。根据后面的时间状语several times推断,应用现在完成时。
4. 信息词语
有些高考题尽管题干比较复杂,但只要考生仔细分析,找出与所考时态相关的信息词语,注意前后照应,便能正确认定动作所发生的时间。例如:
——Your phone number again? I ____ quite catch it.
——Its 9563442.
A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant
根据again一词推断,对方已说了一遍电话号码,所以是“刚才”没听清应用过去时。couldnt表“不能够”,不合题意。例如:
——We could have walked to the station; it was so near.
——Yes. A taxi ____ at all necessary.
A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt D. wont
could have walked意为“本可以步行去”,由此推断并没有步行去;再分析下句可知,不是“步行”而是坐出租车去的车站,动作已发生,应用过去时。
二、明晰语境,把握“信息时间”
有些高考题题干中没有判断行为动作所发生时间的明确依据,其“时间信息”隐含在特定语境中,考生在理解题意的同时还应明晰语境,进行合理的推断和想象;才能确认“信息时间”,准确判断时态。
1.灵活运用“时态一致”原则
有的考生往往受“时态一致”原则的束缚,被题干中某些具有干扰性的“负信息”所迷惑,陷入定势思维的泥潭。因此,在分析题时,不仅要抓信息词语,还要排除干扰成分,才能吃透题意,选出正确答案。例如:
——____ my glasses?
——Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see B. Had you seen
C. Would you see D. Have you seen
此题中see为干扰成分,不能作为判断的依据。根据对话的情景,笼统地问对方干过某事,应用现在完成时。例如:
——Nancy is not coming tonight.
——But she ____!
A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
此题中上句用的是现在时态,表明她现在不在这儿,但下句中的“许诺”已发生,应用过去时。
2.模拟对话情景
分析高考题我们不难发现,其隐含“时间信息”题多为情景对话,这些情景对话题来自日常生活,为中学生所熟悉。因此,考生不妨运用自己的想象力,在头脑中“模拟”对话情景,以此把握信息时间。例如:
——Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something.
——Oh, how nice of you! I ____ you ____ to bring me a gift.
A. never think; are going B. never thought; were going
C. didnt think; were going D. hadnt thought; were going
考生可以在头脑中模拟这样的生活情景:自己正过生日,没想到来了一位平日关系一般的同学给自己送礼物,使自己喜出望外。“根本没想到”发生在客人到来之前,故应用过去时。didnt think“认为不……”不合题意。
——Can I help you?
——Yes, I bought this radio here yesterday, but it ____.
A. didnt work B. wont work C. cant work D. doesnt work
考生可以想象自己昨天买了一台收音机,结果出了毛病,“现在”去找售货员反映情况。这样就不至于受“bought”的影响而误选A。
本文仅就高考题解题方法的各个侧重点加以论述,有些高考题需从题干、题意、语境等方面进行综合分析,才能准确作答,不能仅仅局限于某一种方法。